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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine?
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endocrine secretes hormones to the inside without using any ducts
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Is the function of oxytocin to stimulate uterine contraction an example of positive or negative feedback?
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positive
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What two hormones stimulate uterine contractions during parturition?
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oxytocin and estrogen
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What is the function of calcitonin?
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it puts Ca into the bones
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What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
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it puts Ca into the blood from the bones
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Where is oxytocin secreted from?
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the posterior pituitary gland
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What causes lactation?
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oxytocin
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What is sexual dimorphism?
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anatomical and physiological differences between genders
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What is the abbreviation for Parathyroid Hormone?
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PTH
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What is the abbreviation for dihydrotestosterone?
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DHT
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Trophoblasts
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the outer cells of a blastocyst
cause the blastocyst to implant in uterine wall become the placenta |
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What is the Zona pellucida?
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the outer membrane of the oocyte
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How does a sperm penetrate the zona pellucida?
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receptors on the sperm membrane meet receptors on the zona
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What is maltose?
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2 glucose molecules bound together
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eupnea
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normal breathing
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dyspnea
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difficult (labored breathing)
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apnea
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period of no breathing
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what is the basic unit of fats?
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fatty acids and glycerol
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what is the basic unit of a protein?
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amino acids
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what is the basic unit of carbs?
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saccharides
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what are other names for the gastroesophageal sphincter?
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lower esophageal sphincter and cardia
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what are two other names for antibodies?
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gamma globulins and immunoglobulins
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How do oral contraceptives stop pregnancy?
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by preventing ovulation, sperm transport, or implantation
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What is the abbreviation of testosterone?
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T
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What is the abbreviation of Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone?
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MIH
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What can become either the testes or the ovaries?
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the gonads
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What does the mullerian duct become?
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the ovaduct and uterus
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What does the wollfian duct become?
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The vas deferens
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What kind of cells produce testosterone?
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Leydig cells in the testes
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What causes ovulation?
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An increase spike in LH one day before ovulation.
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What does LH stand for?
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Luteinizing Hormone
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What does FSH stand for?
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Follicle stimulating hormone
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What hormones are high and low during menopause?
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FSH and LH are high, estrogen and progesterone are low
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How long after fertilization does implantation occur?
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6-7 days
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What is the order after zygote?
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zygote->morula->blastocyst->fetus
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What is the disorder of too much GH before puberty?
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pituitary gigantism
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What is the disorder of too much GH after puberty?
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Acromegaly
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Where is ADH secreted from?
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posterior pituitary
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What does ADH stand for?
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Anti-diuretic Hormone
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Where is ACTH secreted from?
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anterior pituitary
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What does ACTH stand for?
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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What does ACTH do?
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Stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
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What works with GH to increase growth?
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Somatomedins
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What does the thyroid release?
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T3, T4, and calcitonin
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Where do Mineralocorticoids come from?
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The cortex of the adrenal gland.
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What do Mineralocorticoids do?
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Regulates electrolyte balance (sodium & potassium)
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In the pancreas, what do alpha cells secrete?
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glucagon
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In the pancreas, what do beta cells secrete?
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insulin
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In the pancreas, what do delta cells secrete?
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somatostatin
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What 4 conditions have to do with diabetes?
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Hyperglycemia, polyuria, glycosuria, and ketoacidosis
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What endocrine hormones does the small intestine secrete and what do they affect?
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secretin and Cholecytokinin affect the pancreas.
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What are the digestive secretions?
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enzymes, mucus, bile, hormones, buffers
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What is Cheyne Stokes?
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Dispnea followed by apnea
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What do interferons have to do with?
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fever
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What are the aggranulocytes?
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monocytes and lymphocytes
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What secretions help the platelet plug?
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thromboxin and ADP
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What secretion stops a clot from spreading?
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prostacyclin
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What do arteries do?
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Carry blood away from the heart
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What do precapillary sphincters do?
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they control local blood flow and keep enough blood in the brain
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What is local current flow?
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the flow of a potential along a membrane with out mylenation
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What is saltatory conduction?
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the flow of a potential with mylenated insulation
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What is Peptide Bonding?
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When to amino acids are bonded together
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In the intestine, how are glucose and Na brought in?
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By secondary active transport.
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In the intestine, how is glucose taken out to the blood?
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by facilitated diffusion
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In the intestine, how is Na brought out and K brought in?
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by primary active transport
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What effect does tetrototoxin have on cells?
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It blocks the Na channels, preventing an A.P.
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What digests starch?
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amylase
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What phases of the Uterine Cycle occur during the folicular phase of the Ovarian Cycle?
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Menstrual and prolipherative
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Sertoli cells
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help in sperm maturation
are in the seminiferous tubule |
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where are the leydig cells
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not in the seminiferous tubules
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spermatogenisis
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converts spermatagonia into spermatazoa
occurs in the seminiferous tubule triggered by FSH and testosterone |
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What does the pancreas secret?
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bicarbonate, proteases, carbohydrases, lipases
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What are the characteristics of hormones?
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• Only Minute Amounts Needed
– 10-9 – 10-12 g/ml • Various Secretory Patterns – Episodic, Basal, Sustained • Specific Receptors – Plasma membrane-bound or Intracellular • Half Life – Minutes to Hour • Alter Cell Function – Gene Transcription, Protein (Enzyme) Synthesis, Enzyme activation |
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-Cortisol
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- Zona Fasciculata. Regulated by Adrenocorticotrophic ATCH (from anterior pituitary), released in response to changes in metabolism, stress, is an anti-inflammatory, and is released in response to a decrease in anitbodies. Is a Glucocorticoid.
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What are the two Corticosteroids?
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Aldosterone
Cortisol |
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T3 (Triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxin)-
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Found in the thyroid, secretion of both is stimulated by TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. T3 and T4 increase metabolism and influence growth and development.
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Where is growth hormone secreted from?
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anterior pituitary
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What does Parathyroid Hormone do?
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Releases Ca from the bones into the blood.
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What does CCK stand for?
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Cholecystokinin
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What does Cholecystokinin do?
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it triggers release of lipase from the pancreas to the small intestine
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Secretin-
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A hormone made by glands in the small intestine that acts to stimulate bicarbonate- rich fluids from pancrease and liver
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Gastrin-
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secreted from stomach and plays an important role in control of gastric acid secretion. (HCl)
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Where is oxytocin produced?
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hypothalamus
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Where is ADH produced?
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hypothalamus
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What does the growing follicle release?
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Estrogen
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What does the corpus leuteum secrete?
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Estrogen and progesterone
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What are hormone levels like during Menstruation?
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Estrogen and progesterone levels are low, FSH stimulates the growth of follicles
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What is the process of sperm developement in the semineferous tubule?
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spermatocytogenesis, then meiosis, then spermiogenesis- in the seminiferous tubule (turned into tadpoles)
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What are two important hormones that the hypothalamus produces?
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ADH and oxytocin
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Proliferative Phase of Uterine Cycle
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increasing estrogens cause epithelial cells & glands of uterus to proliferate
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Secretory or progestational phase of Uterine Cycle
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endometrial lining prepares for embryo implantation; Uterine glands secrete uterine milk
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Ischemic Phase of Uterine Cycle
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constriction & breakdown of blood vessels in uterus due to steroid withdrawal
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