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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What % of blood is plasma?
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55%
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What % of blood is Red Blood Cells?
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45%
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What % of blood is White Blood Cells
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>1%
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What % of blood is Platelets?
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>1%
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What is the difference between Serum and Plasma?
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Plasma has coagulation factors, serum does not.
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Albumim
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Smallest, most abundant plasma protein
Carrier of hydrophobic substances plays biggest role in oncotic pressure regulation |
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Alpha & Beta globulins:
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plasma proteins
• Transporters • Clotting factors • Precursor proteins • Synthesized in liver |
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Gamma Globulins
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plasma protein
(Immunoglobulins): • Protect the body against infection • Synthesized in lymphocytes |
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Fibrinogen
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Plasma protein
• 0.3% of plasma by weight • Plays a role in blood clotting • Synthesized in liver |
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What is the role of platelets in preventing blood loss?
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When tissue is damaged, platelets begin attracting to one another to form a temporary clot. They also secrete chemicals to facilitate blood coagulation.
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What is the role of thrombin in controlling blood loss?
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It cuts fibrinogen into fibrin.
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What prevents clotting from spreading?
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prostacyclin
heparin α2 macroglobulin anti-thrombin |
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What is the role of plasmin in blood loss control?
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dissolves the clot after healing.
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thrombocytopenia purpura and its causes
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platelet deficiency causing purple blotches
caused by irradiation, drug use, autoimmune disorder, or ideopathy |
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Carbamino hemoglobin
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hemoglobin with a CO2 molecule bound to it
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Carboxyhemoglobin
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hemoglobin with CO bound to it
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Pernicious Anemia-
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Due to Vitamin B12 Deficiency (usually due to Intrinsic Factor Deficiency)
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Hemorrhagic Anemia-
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Low concentration of red cells due to loss of large amounts of blood
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Iron Deficiency Anemia-
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Iron is essential for synthesis of hemoglobin
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Sickle Cell Anemia-
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Due to abnormal hemoglobin- RBCs rupture
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Bone Marrow Aplasia (Aplastic Anemia)-
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Excess radiation or side effect of drug treatment kills bone marrow cells
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What antigens does AB type blood have?
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A and B antigens
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What antibodies does AB type blood have?
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none
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What antigens does O type blood have?
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none
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What antibodies does O type blood have?
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A and B antibodies
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Universal donor
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0-
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Universal Receptor
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AB+
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Blood pH:
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7.35-7.45
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What does the spleen do with RBC's?
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It filters out the worn out ones
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What does the liver do with RBC's?
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It metabolizes the old ones sent to it by the spleen.
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Neutrophils:
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Granulocyte WBC
phagocyte to fight infections most abundant and first responder |
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Granulocytes
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WBC that have granules in their cytoplasm
Eosinophil Neutrophils Basophils |
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Eosinophils
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Granulocyte WBC
related to killing and digesting parasites and allergies |
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Basophils
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Granulocyte WBC
Least abundant Release vasoactive agents in allergic reaction that help to dilate the capillary walls Release histamine and heparin |
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Thrombocytes
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platelets
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Lymphocytes
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WBC
B and T lymphocytes |
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B lymphocyte
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become plasma cells and secrete antibodies
become memory cells to wait for next invasion |
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T lymphocyte
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become cytotoxic cell warriors then either apoptosize (commit suicide) or become memory cells
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Monocytes
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Transformed into macrophages (tissue-bound phagocytic
specialists) |
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Luekopenia
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decrease in WBC production caused by radiation destroying bone marrow.
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Active immunity:
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Individuals produce antibodies
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Passive immunity:
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Individuals are injected with antibodies
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Autoimmunity:
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Markers that are placed on "self" cells so the body's immune system recognizes them as "self" and doesn't destroy them.
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innate resistance
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non-specific defenses we are born with like skin and WBC's
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acquired resistance
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defense that our body has developed in response to need
T and B lymphocytes' memory cells |
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What is the chemical messenger that triggers inflammation?
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bacteria->release of histamine from mast cells
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purpose of inflammation
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isolate, kill, or inactivate invading pathogen
remove debris prepare for repair of damaged tissue |
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What are the benefits of fever?
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-Intensifies effects of interferons
-Inhibits growth of some microbes -Speeds up body reactions that aid repair |
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What creates antibodies?
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Plasma B cells from B lymphocytes
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When does the body distinguish self from non-self?
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before birth
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What serves as the markers to define self from non-self?
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Major Histocompatibilty Complex (MHC)
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Alveolar Type I-
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forms the wall of the alveolus
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Alveolar Type II-
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secrete surfactant
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Alveolar macrophages
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(dust cells)- remove dust particles and other debris
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surfactant
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Oily substance secreted by the alveoli to prevent their walls from sticking together.
prevents alveoli from collapsing during contraction and relaxation. decreases surface tension |
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What skeletal muscles are involved in Quiet Breathing?
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Diaphragm and External intercostals contract during Inhalation and relax during Exhalation.
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What skeletal muscles are involved in Labored Breathing?
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Diaphragm, External intercostals, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, and Pectoralis minor contract during inhalation. Internal intercostals and the abdominal muscles contract in exhalation
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sequence of nephron is:
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Bowman's capsule-proximal convoluted tubule-descending limb of loop of Henle- loop of Henle- ascending limb of loop of Henle- distal convoluted tubule- collecting duct
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What occurs in the distal tubule of the nephron?
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Reabsorption and Secretion
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What occurs in the Loop of Henle?
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Reabsorption
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What occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron?
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Reabsorption and Secretion
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What occurs in the collecting duct of the nephron?
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Reabsorption and Secretion and excretion
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What causes glomerular filtration to occur?
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High hydrostatic pressure by blood and large amt. of pores in glomerulus
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GFR =
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Urine volume (ml/min) x [Inulin] in urine(mg/ml)/[Inulin] in plasma (mg/ml)
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What causes Reabsorption in the nephron?
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Transepithelial Transport
-diffusion -active transports -carrier mediated transport |
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What causes secretion in the nephron?
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Transepithelial Transport
-active transports |
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What is the Glomerular (Bowman’s) Capsule composed of?
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squamous epithelium
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What is reabsorbed from the nephron?
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Urea,
Creatinine, Uric Acid Glucose Sodium Chlorine H2O |
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Tm means...
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Transport Maximum: The concentration of transported molecules needed to saturate the carriers and achieve the maximal transport rate
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vertical osmotic gradient?
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medulla?
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what hormone (both names) controls the concentration of urine?
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ADH and vassopressin: acts in the collecting duct of the nephron
-this hormone increases water permeability in the collecting duct; therefore, more water is reabsorbed and less water is lost in urine |
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What is plasma clearance?
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The amt of plasma cleared of a substance in ml/min
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How do the kidneys process inulin?
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It is filtered only.
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How much water is in the ECF?
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33%
14L |
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How much water is in the ICF?
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67%
28L |
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How much water is in the plasma?
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6.6%
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How much water is in the Interstitial fluid?
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26.4%
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What are the various ways by which water is lost from the body?
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Insensible Loss
Sweat Feces Urine |
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How much water is lost by insensible loss?
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900ml
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How much water is lost by sweat?
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100ml
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How much water is lost by feces?
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100ml
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How much water is lost by urine?
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1500ml
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What causes respiratory alkalosis?
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Hyperventilation
* Fever * Anxiety * Aspirin poisoning * Physiologic mechanisms at high altitude |
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What causes metabolic acidosis?
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* Severe diarrhea
* Diabetes mellitus * Strenuous exercise * Uremic acidosis |
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What causes metabolic alkalosis?
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* Vomiting
* Ingestion of alkaline drugs |
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M.R.V. =
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Tidal Volume X Respiratory Rate
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M.A.V. =
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Rate (Tidal Volume - Dead Space)
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What effect do CO2, H+, and Temp. have on hemoglobin?
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Elevated levels of these cause the hemoglobin to give up more O2 to tissues.
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Which is more soluble in blood, CO2 or O2?
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CO2
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What ways can CO2 be transported through blood?
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dissolved
as bicarbonate in carbaminohemoglobin |
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What part of the brain drives inspiration?
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Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla of the brainstem
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What part of the brain drives exhalation?
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Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG) in the medulla
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Where are the chomoreceptors that are responsive to CO2?
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In the medulla, carotid and aortic bodies.
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What are the processes carried out by the digestive system.
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Digestion, Absorption, Secretion, Motility
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How are carbohydrates digested?
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Amylase from saliva breaks down polysaccharides to disaccharides, then disaccharidases in the small intestine break it down to monosaccharides
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How are proteins digested?
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Pepsin from the stomach hydrolyzes protein to peptide fragments
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How are fats digested?
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Lipase from the exocrine pancreas in the small intestine turns triglycerides into fatty acid and monoglycerides
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the functions of the liver
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1. Bile formation (emulsification of fats) and excretion of bilirubin
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What do the salivary glands secrete?
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Salt, water, mucus, and amylase
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What does the esophagus secrete?
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mucus for lubrication
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What does the stomach secrete?
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HCl to solubilize, kill and activate pepsins
Pepsins to digest proteins mucus to lubricate and protect wall |
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What does the pancreas secrete?
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Enzymes to digest
Bicarbonate to neutralize HCl |
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What does the liver secrete?
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Bile salts to solublilze
Bicarb to neutralize |
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What does the small intestine secrete?
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mucus, salt, water, enzymes
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What does the large intestine secrete?
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mucus
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What controls the passage of chime from the stomach to the duodenum?
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The pyloric sphincter
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What is absorbed by the stomach?
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Alcohol and aspirin and some water
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What is absorbed by the small intestine?
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Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
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What is absorbed by the large intestine?
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Water and electrolytes
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How much fluid and food enter the digestion tract per day?
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1250ml each
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How much saliva, pancreatic, and intestinal juice enter the digestive tract from the plasma per day?
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1500ml each
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How much gastric juice enters the digestive tract from the plasma per day?
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2000ml
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How much bile enters the digestive tract from the plasma per day?
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500ml
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What volume enters the small intestine per day?
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9500ml
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What volume is absorbed by the small intestine per day?
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9000ml
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What volume enters the large intestine per day?
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500ml
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What volume is absorbed by the large intestine per day?
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350ml
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What volume is excreted by the colon per day?
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150ml
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What are gamma globulins?
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antibodies
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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It helps retain water by retaining salt in the kidney
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What are the precursors to aldosterone?
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renin->angiotensin-> aldosterone
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What factors make platelets sticky?
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serotonin, ADP, epinephrine, TXA2
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what does plasmin do?
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breaks down clots.
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what are the layers of the intestine tissue from inside to outside?
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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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