Pcat Hormones

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Hormones

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Chemical messengers used in the endocrine systems

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2 types of hormones

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(1) steroidal - estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone
(2) non-steroidal

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Hypothalamus

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produces various hormones which effect the pituitary gland

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Anterior lobe of pituitary

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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FEMALES: triggers ovulations and stimulates the now-empty follicle to develop into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone during the latter half of the menstrual cycle.

MALES: stimulates the testes to synthesize and secrete the male sex hormone, testosterone.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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FEMALES: stimulates follicle to release estrogen

MALES: acts on spermatogonia stimulating the production of sperm (with help of testosterone)

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormone thyroxine

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Posterior lobe of the pituitary

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eleases two hormones, both synthesized in the hypothalamus
(1) Vasopressin
(2) Oxytocin

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Vasopressin

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Vasopressin acts on the collecting ducts of the kidney to facilitate the reabsorption of water into the blood. This it acts to reduce the volume of urine formed (giving it its name of antidiuretic hormone)

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Oxytocin

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acts on certain smooth muscles:
stimulating contractions of the uterus at the time of birth;
stimulating release of milk when the baby begins to suckle.
Oxytocin is often given to prospective mothers to hasten birth.

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Pineal Gland

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Melatonin
**Also influences biological clock

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Thyroid Gland

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Thyroxin and Calcitonin

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Thyroxin

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influences metabolism

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Parathyroid Glands

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parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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PTH increases the concentration of Ca2+ in the blood in three ways. PTH promotes
(1) release of Ca2+ from the huge reservoir in the bones
(2) reabsorption of Ca2+ from the fluid in the tubules in the kidneys
(3) absorption of Ca2+ from the contents of the intestine.

**also regulates the level of phosphate in the blood

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Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla

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Adrenal Cortex

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glucocorticoids (cortisol)
mineralocorticoids aldosterone)
androgens (testosterone)

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Adrenal Medulla

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adrenaline (also called epinephrine) and noradrenaline (also called norepinephrine)

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Cortisol

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raises blood pressure, reduces immune function

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Aldosterone

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regulates NA/K balance in the blood

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Epinepherine and Norepinepherine

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increase in the rate and strength of the heartbeat resulting in increased blood pressure;
blood shunted from the skin and viscera to the skeletal muscles, coronary arteries, liver, and brain;
rise in blood sugar;
increased metabolic rate;
bronchi dilate;
pupils dilate;
hair stands on end ("gooseflesh" in humans);
clotting time of the blood is reduced;
increased ACTH secretion from the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

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Pancreas

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Insulin and Glucagon (glucose metabolism

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Ovary

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Estrogen

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Estrogen

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regulates the menstrual cycle and reproductive system

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Testes

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Testosterone

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Testosterone

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promotes tissue growth and regulates the reproductive system

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Corpus Luteum

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Progesterone

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Progesterone

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stimulated by LH, stored in fat, thickens uterus