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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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when do gases behave most ideally?
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at low pressure and high temperatures
gases exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one another |
deviations occur at low temp. and high press.
gases exert a pressure on the container walls and undergo collisions |
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Baltzmann distribution curve
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says that at a given temperature molecules of a gas move at different speeds
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there is a common speed that corresponds to the maximum in the distribution curve.
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Soluble compounds
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contain group IA metal (alkali metal) as well as NH4 and NO3
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insoluble are Ag, Hg, Pb, BaSO4, CaCO3
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Avogadro's Law
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at STP, equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules
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Allotropes
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different forms of the same element
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O3 and O2, diamond and graphite
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temperature
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measure of average kinetic energy
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the greater the temperature, the greater the avg. kinetic energy
if a solution got colder, heat was absorbed and the reaction is endothermic. |
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colligative properties
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properties that depend only on the number of particles in a solution, not on the solutes make-up.
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Vapor pressure lowering
Boiling point elevation Osmotic Pressure Freezing point depression |
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what happens to the vapor pressure and freezing point of a non-volatile solution as compared to the pure solvent.
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vapor pressure of solution and freezing point will decrease.
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osmotic pressure and b.p. will increase
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All spontaneous reactions
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result in an increase in ENTROPY not enthalpy of the universe.
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Alpha decay
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mass decreases by 4 and atomic number decreases by 2
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4/2He+2 is an alpha particle
least penetrating ray |
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Beta Decay
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mass is unchanged and atomic number increases by 1
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0/-1e- is a beta particle
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Gamma decay
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mass and atomic number are unchanged
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0/0gamma
most penetrating ray |
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how does increasing the number of oxygen atoms on an oxyacid effect acidity?
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increase acid strength.
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in a closed container, vapor pressure only depends on
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temperature
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not on surface area of the liquid, not on volume of the container, nor on the amount of the liquid
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Van't Hoff factor
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the number of particles that will theoretically dissociate at infinite dilution
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ionization energy
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energy needed to remove the most loosely held electron from an atom or ion in the gas phase
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the highest for noble gases
if given a choice between all stable atoms the one of smallest size will have the highest ionization energy |
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weak intermolecular attractions mean
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low boiling point and high vapor pressure
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oxides of metals are basic and oxides of non-metals are acidic
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single replacement reaction
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one element replaces aanother
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also a redox
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combustion reaction
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often yields only a CO2 and H2O for a hydrocarbon
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disproportionation reaction
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one in which one atom is simultaneously oxidized and reduced
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PV=nRT
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IDEAL GAS LAW
if the number of moles doesn't change, neither will the pressure, volume, nor the number of molecules |
P(MW)=DRT
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l=Zzimuthal quantum number
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angular momentum quantum number will describe orbital shape
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must be equal to n-1, n can never equal l
s=0 p=1 d=2 f=3 |
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a liquid will boil
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at a temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to the pressure above it's surface.
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Henry's law
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as pressure increases so does gas solubility
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gases dissolve best in cooler solutions
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Bohr Effect
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in an acidic environment hemoglobin dumps off oxygen
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hemoglobin dumps off O2 when
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1. low ph
2. high CO2 3. low PO2 |
all in fatigued muscles
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What organelles are invloved in the synthesis of insulin?
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Rough E.R.
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also golgi app. to package the material
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are phase changes physical or chemical?
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they are physical
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chemical changes:
rusting combustion digestion tarnishing |
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Graham's Law
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the speed of a gas is indirectly related to the square root of it's mw
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Boyle's Law
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As pressure increases volume decreases
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if P doubles V will halve
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Gay Lusac's Law
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Pressure increases with temperature
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*V is constant
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Charle's Law
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Volume and Temperature are directly proportional
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P is constant
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metalloids
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staircase
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B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At, Po
have both metal and non-metal properties |
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metallic character
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increases down a group and decreases across the table from left to right
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metals are ductile, malleable, heat and electrical conductors
they form cations |
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electronegativity
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measure of a species attraction for electrons
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decreases down a group and increases across the table
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in an ideal gas
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1. collisions are elastic ( no energy loss)
2. no attractive forces between particles 3. no volume ( smaller more ideal) 4. ideality is most likely exhibited at high Ts and low Ps |
warm day low pressure
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atomic radius
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increases down a group and decreases across the table
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nuclear charge increases across the table
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electron affinity
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energy change when electrons are added to an atom in gas phase
opposite of ionization energy |
decreases down a group and increases across the table
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coordinate covalent bond
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when one atom furnishes both electrons
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lewis acid + lewis base
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the sigma bond
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is lower in energy, stronger, and more stable than the pi bond
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molecularity
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the number of particles involved in forming the TS
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lewis acid
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acts as an electrophile
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lewis base acts as a nucleophile
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titration
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procedure used to determine the molarity of an acid or base
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the best buffer areas are the flat areas on the graph curve
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coordination number
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number of ligands coming off metal
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Suniv=Ssys + Ssur
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Tenergy=P.E.+K.E.
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Ionization energy is greatest
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as you move toward the noble gases
noble gases have the highest ionization energy |
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high vapor pressure
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low boiling point
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oxides of metals are basic, oxides of non-metals are
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acidic
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PV=nRT
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if the number of moles do not change, neither will the pressure, volume, nor the number of molecules
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P(MW)=DRT
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as we decrease the mass of the gas, the density decreases
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As we increase temperature, we increase the solubility of a solid, but decrease the solubility of
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a gas
such as CO2 |
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As pressure is increased, gas solubility
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increases
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the weakest base comes from
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the strongest acid
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oxidation occurs at the anode, while reduction occurs at the
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cathode
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electronegativity increases as you move from left to right and decreases
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moving down a group
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a liquid will boil at a temperature at which the vapor pressure becomes equal to the pressure
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above it's surface
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as temperature increases, vapor pressure
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increases
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which surface would require the least energy to exhibit the photoelectric effect?
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a larger atom, since the valence electron is more loosely held and is easier to remove
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different forms of the same element
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allotropes
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measure of the avg kinetic energy
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temperature
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for oxiacids, as we increase the number of oxygen atoms, we increase
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acid strength
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a reaction in which one atome is simultaneously oxidized and reduced is a
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disproportionation rxn
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a reaction where one element replaces another is a
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single replacement reaction aka redox
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