Pcat Biology Review

Front 1

6 elements that compose living things?

Back 1

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus

Front 2

4 trace elements that compose living things?

Back 2

Mg, Iron, Iodine, Calcium

Front 3

Define Protoplasm

Back 3

Substance of life/of a living cell

Front 4

Main difference between organic vs. inorganic compounds

Back 4

Contain Carbon vs. no carbon

Front 5

Salts and ions are example of what kind of compounds?

Back 5

Inorganic compounds

Front 6

4 types of organic compounds

Back 6

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 7

3 elements that compose carbohydrate and their ratio

Back 7

C, H, O; ratio 1:2:1

Front 8

2 functions of carbs

Back 8

Storage and structure

Front 9

3 kinds of carbs according to chem. Structure

Back 9

Mono-, di-, polysaccharides

Front 10

Give examples of storage carbs in animals (2) and plants (1)

Back 10

(A) Glycogen, glucose and (Pl)starch

Front 11

What disaccharide is formed when 2 glucose molecules joined together? if more than 2 gluc join together?

Back 11

Maltose
Cellulose and starch

Front 12

Disaccharides and polysaccharides are formed under what reaction?

Back 12

Dehydration synthesis

Front 13

Give 4 examples of monosaccharides? Which one has a double bond between carbon-oxygen?

Back 13

Glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose (double bond)

Front 14

Give 3 examples of polysaccharides

Back 14

Glycogen, cellulose and starch

Front 15

Define polymers

Back 15

Chains of repeating monosacc.

Front 16

what chem. Reaction is required to form large molecules? To break down large to small subunits?

Back 16

Hydrolysis (break) – dehydration (form)

Front 17

Compare and contrast carbohydrates and fatty acids in terms of components and ratio?

Back 17

Both consist of C, H, O but ratio H:O is greater

Front 18

Lipids are composed of 1 ___ and 3 ___

Back 18

1 glycerol backbone and 3 Fatty Acids

Front 19

Which organic compound(s) form polymers vs adipose tissue?

Back 19

carbohydrates vs. lipids

Front 20

2 characteristics of lipids due to its structures: 1. long C-H; 2. carboxylic acids

Back 20

1. hydrophilic due to long C-H
2. acidic due to carboxylic acids

Front 21

Give 5 lipid derivatives

[hint: PW SC P]

Back 21

Phospholipids, Waxes, Steroids, Carotenoids, Porphyrins

Front 22

Which lipid derivative has this structure:

Glycerol + 3FA + Phosphorus+ Nitrogen-containing ROH

Back 22

Phospholipids

Front 23

Give 2 examples of Phospholipids; which is the major constituent of cell membranes vs. found in brain, neural tissues

Back 23

Lecithin - cell membr
Cephalin - brain, neural

Front 24

Which lipid derivative has this structure:

esters of FA and monohydroxylic ROH

Back 24

Waxes

Front 25

Give an example of a wax that is found in skin, fur, leaves, exoskeletons?

Back 25

lanolin

Front 26

Which lipid derivative has this structure:

3 fused cyclohexane ring and 1 fused cyclopentane ring

Back 26

Steroids

Front 27

Give 3 examples of steroids

Back 27

cholesterol, sex hormones, corticosteroids

Front 28

Which lipid derivative has this structure:

FA-like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds containing 6-membered carbon rings at each end

Back 28

Carotenoids

Front 29

This lipid derivative produce pigments in plants and animals

Back 29

Carotenoids

Front 30

2 subgroups of carotenoids

Back 30

carotenes and xanthophylls

Front 31

Which lipid derivative has this structure:
tetrapyrroles + metal complex

Back 31

Porphyrins

Front 32

Give 2 examples of where porphyrins + metal complexes are found

Back 32

hemoglobin: porphyrin + Fe
chlorophyll: porphyrin + Mg

Front 33

Proteins are composed of what 4 elements + may also contain 2 other elements

Back 33

CHON (SP)

Front 34

2ndary protein stucture results in (2)
3rtiary protein structure results in (2)

Back 34

2: alpha helices and beta pleated sheets
3: fibrous and globular proteins

Front 35

what kind of bonds form in these protein structures: primary,
2ndary,
3rtiary/4nary

Back 35

1: peptide bonds
2: H-bonds
3/4: disulfide bonds

Front 36

These protein structures describe binding between what parts of a protein:
1
2
3
4

Back 36

1: AA sequence
2: adjacent AA
3: R group interaxn
4: inter and intra-polypeptide interaxn

Front 37

4 classes of proteins based on structure

Back 37

simple vs. conjugated protein
albumins and globulins
scleroproteins
lipo, muco, chromo, metallo, nucleoproteins

Front 38

4 functions of proteins

hint: HESTA

Back 38

hormones
enzymes
structural
transport
antibodies

Front 39

enzymes increase what and decrease what in a reaction

Back 39

increases rate reaction
decreases energy activation

Front 40

enzymes are dependent on what 3 factors
BQ: which has the optimal range leaning to the right vs exponential?

Back 40

pH
temperature - optimal leaning towards the right
substrate concentration - exponential (reaches its vmax)

Front 41

enzymes are usually conjugate proteins made up of what 2 components

Back 41

simple protein
+
coenzyme

Front 42

2 theories that describe enzymes
BQ: which one is most widely accepted?

Back 42

lock and key theory
induced fit theory - most accepted

Front 43

non-substrates bind to inhibit enzymes in what 2 ways?

Back 43

competitive and non competitive

Front 44

which enzyme inhibition is irreversible?

Back 44

non competitive

Front 45

which enzyme inhibition forms a strong covalent bond with the inhibitor

Back 45

non competitive

Front 46

an inhibition that takes place at a site other than the active site

Back 46

allosteric inhibition

Front 47

which enzyme inhibition may not be displaced by addition of excess substrate

Back 47

non competitive

Front 48

enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor competes with the enzyme for binding site

Back 48

competitive inhibition

Front 49

enzyme inhibition where an inhibitor binds to the enzyme

Back 49

non competitive

Front 50

2 types of enzyme activities

Back 50

hydrolysis
synthesis

Front 51

lactase, protease and lipase are examples of what type of enzyme activity?

hint: break down

Back 51

hydrolysis

Front 52

2 non protein molecules incorporated into the enzyme to activate it

Back 52

cofactors (metals)
coenzymes (organic)

Front 53

cofactors that bind to enzyme by strong covalent bonds are called ____

Back 53

prosthetic groups