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15 Cards in this Set

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Mitosis:

What does cleavage furrow do?
In telophase, cthe formation of cleavage furrow in anyimal cells causes the pinching of the cell, separating the two nuclei
Meiosis:

Synapsis
The coming together of the two homologues chromosomes, each already with its sister chromatids.
Meiosis:

Dysjunction
Separation of the homologues chromosome during anaphase I, the maternal homologue seperates from the maternal homologue.
Assexual:

Budding, Partenogenesis
Budding: both daughter cells have the full DNA, but one is much smaller.

partenogenesis: The reproduction without fertilization of the egg.
Plant Asexual:

Spore formation
The plants alternate between diploid and haploid. Its diploid state is called sporophate, and it makes spores, which develops into the haploid state is called gametophyte
Vegetative propagation.
Plant tissues in plants called MERISTEMS, are undifferentiated cells. It helps the plant to grow quickly, with no genetic variation.
Can occur Natural or Artificial.
Gonads
where gametes are produced. testes vs. ovaries.
polar bodies
the three extra female gametes, that's barely just the nucleus.
# of eggs produced
more: for external fertilization, which fertilizing rate is low. Also, in internal, more eggs are produced when the offspring will spend its early life outside of the mother.
Mature sperm's acrosome
spermatozoa. acrosome is a cap like structure at the anterior side of the sperm head, which contains enzymes needed to penetrate the outer covering of the ovum.

The acrosome also forms a structure called acrosomal process, which allows the sperm to penetrate ovum.
FSH and follicle
FSH is follicle stimulating hormone. The follicle grows, and secretes estrogen.

Estrogen is responsible for development of uterine lining (endometrium). It also partly causes the surge of level of LH, which causes ovulation.
Ovulation
The bursting of the mature follicle, and the release of ovum.
Luteal phase
The LH induces the ruptured follicles to develop into the corpus lutem, and secretes estrogen and progestrone. both causes the maturing of the endometrium, preparing for fertilization.
Fertilization
Corpus lutem doesn't occur, as the supply of estrogen and progesterone is maintained. The hormone responsible is named hCG.
What's the cortical reaction after the sperm is in? What other affects does the calcium have?
Once in, a CORTICAL reaction is triggered, which the release of calcium ions causes the formation of fertilization membrane, a hard membrane that doesn't allow the penetration of other eggs.

Calcium also speeds up the metabolic rate of the zygote.