Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How would you define the periods of church history, with years?
|
-Ancient Church History (c. 100-451)
-Medieval Church History (c. 451-1500) -Reformation (1500-1700) -Modern Church History (1700-Present) |
|
|
What were the 5 "solas" of the Reformation?
|
Sola Scriptura, Sola fide, sola gratia, solus Christus, soli deo gloria
|
|
|
Discuss the development of covenant theology
|
-Ancient theologians such as Irenaeus and Augustine gave some reflection to the concept of covenant
-Covenant theology as we know it today began in the 16th century with Zwingli, who emphasized the Abrahamic covenant as a model for the Christian's relationship to God (Zwingli used this to argue for infant baptism against the Anabaptists) -Bullinger wrote the first treatise on covenant theology, in which he argued that all of Scripture must be seen in light of the Abrahamic covenant -Calvin also makes extensive use of the covenant, and two of his students made significant advances in covenant theology --Ursinus first spoke of a pre-fall covenant of works, and Olevianus presented the idea of an eternal covenant between the Father and the Son for the salvation of man -In the 17th century, Cocceius was the first to use the covenant as the basic framework for organizing theology -The covenant of works and grace achieved credal status in the Westminster Standards -During the 20th century, largely due to the work of Meredith Kline, scholars came to view the biblical covenants through the framework of the ancient Near Eastern Suzerain vassal treaty |
|
|
When was the persecution under Nero?
|
64
|
|
|
When was the persecution under Decius?
|
249-251 (First systematic general persecution)
|
|
|
When was the persecution under Diocletian?
|
303 (The Great Persecution)
|
|
|
When was the destruction of the Jewish temple?
|
70
|
|
|
When and what was the Edict of Milan?
|
313 (legalized Christianity)
|
|
|
When did Christianity become the official religion of the Roman Empire?
|
380 (Theodosian emperor)
|
|
|
When was the Council of Nicea and what occurred there?
|
-325, convened by Constantine to unify church around a def. of trinity.
-Condemned Arianism -Uses the language of "homoousios" (same in substance) |
|
|
Council of Constantinople
|
381, convened by Emperor Theodosius I
-Dealt decisively with Arianism. - Only a trinitarian doct allowed for baptism and for Jesus as the revelation of the Father -Affirmed the deity of the Holy Spirit |
|
|
When was the Council of Chalcedon and what occurred there?
|
451, convened by Eastern Emperor Marcion
-Condemned Eutychianism (which taught that the human nature was absorbed into the divine in the incarnation) -Composed the Chalcedonian creed, which clearly taught the hypostatic union (Christ has a reasonable soul, no confusion, change, division, or separation in the union of Christ's two natures |
|
|
Antinomianism
|
Denies the need to obey God's law. Was a popular component of Gnosticism and has persisted in various forms through the centuries.
|
|
|
Docetism
|
Heresy of the early church that denied Jesus had come in the flesh, saying that Jesus only seemed to be man. John combats it in 1 John 4:2, and became an important aspect of Gnosticism
|
|
|
Ebionites
|
Jewish Christians in the 1st-4th centuries who denied the preexistence of Christ and believed the entire OT law had to be kept for salvation
|
|
|
Marcionism
|
2nd Century heresy that taught a strong distinction between the vengeful God of the OT and the merciful God of the NT, and accepted only Paul's Epistles and Luke from the NT.
-Some aspects were similar to Gnosticism |
|
|
Gnosticism
|
A group of primarily 2nd century heresies that taught a radical dualism between matter and spirit, proclaimed salvation through special knowledge, and a docetic view of Christ
-Most famous Gnostic was Valentinus -Writings: Gospel of Thomas, Philip, Truth, Judas -Major opponents: Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Epiphanius |
|
|
Donatism
|
4th Century North African movement that started a separate church, emphasizing holiness and purity of visible church.
-Augustine was the primary opponent -It started when the confessors wouldn't let the lapsed back into the church |
|
|
Manichaenism
|
3rd century form of Gnosticism founded by Mani, teaching a dualism between light and dark. Augustine was part of it for a while, though he later opposed it strongly.
|
|
|
Monarchianism
|
3rd Century heresy that stresses the oneness of God to such an extent that it denies the personal distinctiveness of Son and Spirit
|
|
|
Dynamic Monarchianism
|
Says that the Father alone is God, and the Son was merely a man who was specially endowed with the Holy Spirit
|
|
|
Modalism/Sabellianism
|
God is one person who appears in 3 different modes
|
|
|
The Great Schism
|
East/West division of the church in 1054
Reasons: -Intellectual alienation: Greek-speaking East and Latin-speaking West came at theology differently -Papal Authority: West asserted Pope's authority over the entire church, but East rejected it -Filioque Controversy: West added "filioque" to the Nicene creed, saying that the Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son |
|
|
Babylonian Captivity
|
Period during the 14th century when a series of 6 popes resided in Avignon in France rather than Rome
|
|
|
Reformation
|
16th and 17th Century movement to reform the Church in response to theological and moral decay
-Stressed salvation by grace through faith alone, authority of Scripture, and priesthood of believers |
|
|
Marburg Colloquy
|
Meeting between Luther and Zwingli in 1529 to resolve their differences regarding the Lord's Supper, which was unsuccessful
-Luther: consubstantiation Zwingli: Memorial view |
|
|
Counter-Reformation
|
16th Century reform of the Catholic Church and counter offensive against the Reformation
|
|
|
Council of Trent
|
1545-1563, laid the groundwork for modern Catholicism
-Centered authority in the Papacy -Corrected abuses in the church -Fixed Catholic doctrine in opposition to Protestantism --Scripture and tradition are equal authorities --Justification by grace + works |
|
|
Jesuits
|
Educators and missionaries who were largely responsible for the Catholic church taking back much of the ground it lost to Protestants (Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius of Loyola)
|
|
|
Inquisition
|
Catholic church's systematic fight against heretics through trial and punishment (primarily in Italy and Spain, but other places too)
|
|
|
Thirty Years' War
|
17th Century war, fought primarily in Germany, which involved most of the countries of Europe. Initial cause of the conflict was the divided allegiance to Catholicism vs. Protestantism in various German territories.
-Peace of Augsburg had said that a territory's religion would be chosen by ruler. This caused many problems. -Result: War was a stalemate, freedom granted to be Catholics or Protestants, but brought growing indifference to religion leading to the Enlighenment |
|
|
Heidelberg Catechism
|
16th Century catechism composed in Heidelberg, Germany that teaches doctrines of Reformation
-Commissioned by Prince Fredrick III -Primary authors were Olevianus and Ursinus |
|
|
Belgic Confession
|
16th Century Reformed confession written in the Netherlands
-In light of Catholic persecution, sought to show that the Reformed were not rebels but held to Scripture |
|
|
Second Helvetic Confession
|
16th Century confessional statement of Swiss Reformed church, written by Bullinger, that presents Calvinism as historical Christianity
|
|
|
Canons of Dort
|
17th Century (1618-1619) document, composed by Synod of Dort in the Netherlands, which presents the 5 points of Calvinism in response to the Remonstrants
|
|
|
Westminster Assembly
|
1643-1647: Primarily composed of Puritans called by Long Parliament to advise on reforming the Church of England along Puritan and Presbyterian lines
|
|
|
Pietism
|
17th Century response to dead orthodoxy in German Lutheranism. Emphasized experientialism, the Bible, holiness, and church reform
-Zinzendorf and Philip Jacob Spenser were major leaders |
|
|
Marrow Controversy
|
17th Century controversy in the church of Scotland over the relationship between law and gospel in the conversion process
|
|
|
First Great Awakening
|
Movement of revival in American from 1735-1743 through the Calvinistic preaching of Edwards and Whitefield
|
|
|
2nd Great Awakening
|
Movement of revival in America from 1795 to 1830
-Charles Finney (evangelist) and Nathaniel Taylor (Yale divinity professor) -More Arminian, emphasizing the use of (manipulative) means in the conversion process |
|
|
Vatican I
|
1869-1870: Council convened by Pius IX, defined Catholic beliefs concerning relationship between God, faith and reason, and sanctioned doctrine of papal infallibility
|
|
|
Vatican II
|
1962-1965: Council convened by John XXIII to bring renewal to Catholic church
-Mass to be in vernacular -Promoted authority of Scripture -Acknowledged Protestants and Greek Orthodox as fellow Christians |
|
|
Auburn Affirmation
|
Document issued in 1924 by liberal Presbyterian ministers that argued for toleration on wide variety of views in the church to maintain unity
|
|
|
Three Important Events in History of Missions
|
-Patrick took the gospel to Ireland in the 5th Century, which then served as a base for missionary activity to neighboring areas
-William Carey's 19th century mission to India, modern missionary movement -European Colonialism did take the gospel to many places, but also caused many problems |
|
|
Apologists
|
Writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries whose work primarily answers the accusations of non-Christians. Includes Justin Martyr and Tatian
|
|
|
Montanism
|
2nd century movement that emphasized continuing revelation and asceticism. Tertullian became an adherent late in life.
|
|
|
Cappadocian Fathers
|
4th Century men who are especially known for their opposition to Arianism and their theology of the Holy Spirit (Basil the Great, Gregory of Nazianzus, Gregory of Nyssa)
|
|
|
Monasticism
|
Movement that became popular after Constantine in which people withdrew from society into communities that stressed prayer, work, study, charity, and asceticism
-Life of St. Anthony by Athanasius -Pattern from Benedict -Important orders: Benedictine, Franciscan, Dominican, Augustinian |
|
|
Scholasticism
|
Medieval theological movement that used Aristotelian logic to create a theological system and embraced reason as a path to knowledge
-Famous scholastics: Peter Abelard, Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas -Embraced reason as path to knowledge -Explored relationship between Scripture and non-Christian theology, especially Aristotle -Used dialectical method of writing, teaching, and organizing thoughts |
|
|
Humanism
|
Movement in the Renaissance and early reformation that said man was the measure of all things, encouraging a return to original sources
|
|
|
Radical Reformation
|
Movement that arose during the Reformation that wanted complete separation of church and state and experience of regeneration over forensic justification, rejected infant baptism
|
|
|
Augsburg Confession
|
16th century summary of the Lutheran faith written by Philip Melanchthon and presented to Emperor Charles V
|
|
|
Puritanism
|
Movement that sought to purify the Church of England in 17th century, especially reacting to the form of Anglican worship (John Owen, Richard Baxter)
|
|
|
Socinianism
|
Heresy of the 16th-18th centuries, created by Socinius, which rejected the deity of Christ, his atoning death on the cross, and the foreknowledge of God
-Forerunner of modern Unitarianism and Open Theism |
|
|
Modernism
|
19th-20th century movement centering on adapting Christian ideas to better cohere with modern culture and thought, which emphasizes reason over Scripture as ultimate source of knowledge
|
|
|
Fundamentalism
|
20th century reaction to libealism and modernism, reaffirmed Christian orthodoxy:
-Inerrancy -Deity of Christ -Virgin birth -Historicity of biblical miracles -Substitutionary atonement -Jesus' bodily resurrection and return (Key proponent: J. Gresham Machen) |
|
|
Neo-Orthodoxy
|
20th century theological movement that reacted to liberalism by returning to a more orthodox view of sin, grace and faith, but retained belief that Scripture was fallible
(Karl Barth, Emil Brunner) |
|
|
Apostolic Fathers
|
Writers of the 1st and 2nd centuries who are traditionally thought to have come in contact with the apostles (Clement of Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp)
|
|
|
Ignatius
|
2nd century bishop of Antioch who wrote a series of letters to churches in Asia Minor on his way to Rome for martyrdom
|
|
|
Marcion
|
2nd century heretic who distinguished between the OT and NT gods, rejected OT and issued his own limited version of the NT
|
|
|
Justin Martyr
|
2nd century apologist who wrote 2 apologies and "Dialogue with Trypho." He defended the Christian faith in terms that were acceptable to Greek philosophy by synthesizing it with Platonism
|
|
|
Irenaeus
|
2nd century bishop of Lyons, wrote "Against Heresies" directed at Gnosticism
|
|
|
Tertullian
|
2nd-3rd century theologian, wrote "Apology" and "Against Marcion," wrote about the Trinity, later became a Montanist
|
|
|
Cyprian
|
3rd century bishop of Carthage, wrote "The Unity fo the Church," high view of the church, taught that baptism can only be performed by the one Catholic church ("outside the church there is no ordinary possibility of salvation")
|
|
|
Origen
|
3rd Century alexandrian theologian who was a pioneer in allegorical interpretation, and wrote the apology "Against Celsus", the first systematic theology "First Principles", and the Hexapla.
|
|
|
Athanasius
|
4th century theologian who opposed Arianism. Wrote "On the Incarnation" and "Life of Anthony"
|
|
|
Constantine
|
4th Century Emperor who legalized Christianity and called the council of Nicea
|
|
|
Jerome
|
4th-5th century theologian best known for translating the Bible into Latin, the "Vulgate"
|
|
|
Pelagius
|
4th-5th century heretic who emphasized human free will and moral responsibility, denied original sin, and taught salvation through meritorious obedience. His chief opponent and critic was Augustine.
|
|
|
Augustine
|
4th-5th century Bishop of Hippo, who was one of the most influential theologians in the history of the church. Wrote many works including "Confessions" and "City of God"
|
|
|
Patrick
|
5th century missionary who brought Christianity to Ireland
|
|
|
Gregory the Great
|
6th-7th century Pope whose reign inaugurated the middle ages and who greatly increased the power of the papacy. Wrote "Pastoral Rule"
|
|
|
Anselm
|
11th-12th century theologian who pioneered the ontological proof for God and the satisfaction theory of the atonement
-Most important works are "Faith seeking undersatnding" and "Why God became Man" |
|
|
Peter Lombard
|
12th century scholastic theologian who wrote the "Book of Sentences" which became the standard systematic theology textbook for centuries (was one of the first to insist on 7 sacraments)
|
|
|
Francis of Assisi
|
12th-13th century founder of the Franciscan order. Wrote the hymn "Canticle of the Brother Son". Crossed enemy lines in the 5th Crusade to preach to the Sultan.
|
|
|
Thomas Aquinas
|
13th century scholastic theologian who used the dialectical method (Aristotelian logica) to write "Summa Theologica." Greatest Catholic theologian after Augustine. Dominican monk who taught at the University of Paris
|
|
|
John Duns Scotus
|
13th-14th Centurty theologian who taught at Oxford, the University of Paris and Cologne. His divisino between faith and reason influenced William of Ockham.
|
|
|
William of Ockham
|
13th-14th century theologian who adhered to a division between faith and reason, who created "Ockham's Razor": whatever can be done in fewer assumptions is done in vain with more.
-He was a nominalist who advocated the study of specifics over universal concepts. |
|
|
John Wycliffe
|
14th century British theologian known as the morning star of the Reformation. Taught at Oxford, opposed transubstantiation, translated the Bible into English, and opposed papal authority
|
|
|
John Hus
|
14th-15th century Bohemian theologian who attacked clerical abuses and papal authority, emphasizing the priesthood of all believers and the authority of Scripture. He was burned at the stake.
|
|
|
Desiderius Erasmus
|
The leading humanist of the 16th century who wanted to reform the church through scholarship. He produced a new Latin translation of the NT, wrote "Diatribe on Free Will" as a polemic against Luther's theology
|
|
|
Martin Luther
|
16th century German theologian whose work was the primary catalyst for the Reformation. He recovered the doctrines of justification by faith, the ultimate authority of Scripture, and the priesthood of all believers
|
|
|
Philip Melanchthon
|
16 century associate of Luther who systematized Luther's work in the Augsburg confession and "Loci Communes"
|
|
|
Ulrich Zwingli
|
16th century Swiss Reformer who disputed with the Anabaptists and taught a memorial view of the Lord's Supper
|
|
|
John Calvin
|
16th century Reformer who was born in France and ministered in Geneva. Founder of modern Reformed theology, and author of "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
|
|
|
John Knox
|
16th Century Scottish Reformer, who led the reformation of the Scottish church, and was heavily influential in the development of Presbyterian worship and doctrine. Wrote "The Scots Confession" and "The Book of Discipline"
|
|
|
Arminius
|
17th century Dutch theologian who founded Arminianism
|
|
|
Richard Baxter
|
17th century Puritan and author of "The Reformed Pastor"
|
|
|
William Carey
|
18th-19th century missionary to India who has been dubbed "The father of modern missions"
|
|
|
Charles Finney
|
19th century evangelist and leader of the 2nd Great Awakening whose methods and theology departed from traditional Reformed practices, lending itself towards liberalism and Arminianism
|
|
|
D.L. Moody
|
19th century evangelist, preacher, and founder of Moody Bible Institute
|
|
|
Charles Hodge
|
19th Century proponent of Princeton theology, known for rational defense of Christian faith and of creationism
|
|
|
B.B. Warfield
|
19th-20th Century: Last of great Princeton theologians, respected for his scholarly defense of Calvinism, and he is remembered for his intellectual defense of Biblical inerrancy
|
|
|
Methodist Churches
|
Began in Oxford University as a movement within the Church of England and expanded under the leadership of Charles and John Wesley
|
|
|
Pentecostal Churches
|
Born out of a movement of tongues-speaking in the early 20th century, focus on supernatural spiritual gifts
|
|
|
Episcopal Churches
|
Originally the church of England in the colonies, but became its own institution after the revolutionary war with no allegiance to England but with hierarchical form of government
|
|
|
Presbyterian Churches
|
Roots go to John Knox in 1560 and the Scots Confessino becoming the expression of government assigned by the Westminster Assembly
|
|
|
Baptist Churches
|
Third-generation Reformation development that appeared in England about 1610 wanting to take Protestantism another step (believers' baptism)
|
|
|
Orthodox Churches
|
Schism between East and West in 1054 led to this. Icons, 7 ecumenical councils recognized, no pope, ornate in use of senses in worship
|
|
|
Mennonite Churches
|
Dating from 1520s in central Europe, took name from Menno Simons who led them to reject infant baptist, all forms of violence, complete separation of church and state
|
|
|
William Tyndale
|
15th-16th century English Bible translator who was martyred for his opposition to the Pope in 1536
|
|
|
Nestorianism
|
Christ's human and divine natures are separate.
|
