Pbt Anatomy And Neurochemistry

Front 1

what are the characteristics of a drug which acts close to the end organ when modulating the autonomic nervous system?

Back 1

produces most selective response with the least side effects

Front 2

drugs which act on ganglia effect what nervous divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 2

both parasympathetic and sympathetic since both are located in ganglia

Front 3

where will drugs that modulate nervous function act to have the most wide spread effects?

Back 3

the CNS

Front 4

what are the 2 neurotransmitters used to mediate transmission in the PNS?

Back 4

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine

Front 5

which NT is used at the pre/postganglionic neuron synapse for both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions?

Back 5

acetylcholine

Front 6

what NT is used at the postganglionic neuron/end organ synapse in parasympathetic division?

Back 6

acetylcholine

Front 7

the NT used in most postganglionic neuron/end organ for the sympathetic division is?

Back 7

norepinephrine

Front 8

what is the exception to the sympathetic postganglionic/end organ synapse use of norepinephrine?

Back 8

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on sweat glands

Front 9

what type of receptors are stimulated by norepinephrine with the sympathetic nervous division?

Back 9

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Front 10

what NT is used at the somatic efferent neuron at the end plate region on skeletal muscle?

Back 10

acetylcholine

Front 11

what inactivates acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft?

Back 11

acetylcholinesterase in the junctional folds

Front 12

what is the third NT that is released by the post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons at the synaptic cleft with renal vascular smooth muscle?

Back 12

dopamine

Front 13

sympathetic preganglionic neurons arise from which regions of the CNS?

Back 13

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine

Front 14

parasympathetic preganglionic neurons arise from what regions of the CNS?

Back 14

nuclei in brainstem, and sacral segments of the spinal cord

Front 15

describe the position in regards to the end-organ of most parasympathetic ganglia?

Back 15

near the end-organ (organ wall) as compared to the sympathetic which is near the spinal cord (chain ganglia)

Front 16

which tend to be longer, preganglionic sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Back 16

parasympathetic since they have to go farther to reach ganglia

Front 17

describe the ratio of preganglionic neurons to postganglionic neurons for the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 17

in sympathetic there are more postganglionic than pre, but in parasympathetic it is 1:1

Front 18

where does the split in innervation between the cranial nerves and the sacral region become apparent for parasympathetic action?

Back 18

upper 2/3 of large intestine is CN X where as the lower 1/3 of large intestine and everythin below is from sacral parasympathetic input

Front 19

Describe the process of propagation of a nervous inpulse in the PNS?

Back 19

1. Syn. & storage of transmitter.
2. Action potential depolarizes cell.
3. Depol. activates Ca channels.
4. Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane & releases transmitter.
5. Transmitter crosses cleft & binds to postsynaptic receptor
6. Transmitter is removed from receptor and is
*Degraded by enzymes in cleft
*Taken up by presynaptic cell
7. Postsynaptic intracellular signaling molecules are degraded.

Front 20

what are SNARE proteins which are found in the pre-synpatic membranes of neurons?

Back 20

they hold vesicles with NT's near the cell membrane and upon sensing calcium allow vesicles to fuse with membrane spilling NT's into the synaptic cleft

Front 21

describe the action of tetanus or botulinum toxins?

Back 21

they selectively cleave snare proteins causing release of NT's

Front 22

what is the function of Hemicholinium?

Back 22

inhibits the high affinity Na+-choline cotransporter preventing the formation of acytelcholine in the neuron

Front 23

what is the function of Vesamicol?

Back 23

inhibits the H+-Ach antiporter that transports Ach into storage vesicles

Front 24

what is the function of Botulinum toxin?

Back 24

prevents calcium induced fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane by cleaving SNARE proteins

Front 25

what is the function of Muscarinic and Nicotinic Antagonists?

Back 25

block their respective receptors in the postsynaptic cell

Front 26

what is the function of AChE Inhibitors ?

Back 26

inhibit membrane bound acetylcholinesterase from degrading ACh into choline and acetate

Front 27

Catecholamines are all synthesized from?

Back 27

tyrosine

Front 28

describe the process by which tyrosine gets to epinephrine including the names of intermediates and the chemical process between each intermediate

Back 28

1. tyrosine is hydroxilized to form LDOPA
2. LDOPA is decarboxylized to form dopamine
3. Dopamine is hydroxylized to form norepinephrine
4. CH3 is added to norepinephrine to form epinephrine

Front 29

what is the function of alpha-Methyltyrosine?

Back 29

inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase which is the rate limiting step in catecholamine synthesis

Front 30

what is the function of Cocaine?

Back 30

inhibits the selective NE transporter that takes released NE back into the presynaptic terminal

Front 31

what is the function of Reserpine?

Back 31

inhibits the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) involved in filling or refilling of synaptic vesicles with dopamine or NE respectively

Front 32

what is the function of Clonidine?

Back 32

it is an alpha2- agonist, that stimulates presynaptic autoreceptors resulting in decreased release of NE

Front 33

what is the function of alpha1 ,beta1,& beta2 antagonists?

Back 33

block their respective post-synaptic receptors

Front 34

Muscarinic receptor M1 =?

Back 34

CNS and presynaptic autonomic ganglia

Front 35

Muscarinic receptor M2 =?

Back 35

heart

Front 36

Muscarinic receptor M3 =?

Back 36

smooth muscle

Front 37

Nicotinic Receptors Nm =?

Back 37

skeletal muscle

Front 38

Nicotinic Receptors Nn =?

Back 38

postganganglionic autonomic neurons, adrenal chromaffin cells

Front 39

what type of receptors are all nicotinic receptors?

Back 39

ligand-gated cation-selective channels

Front 40

all muscarinic receptors are what type of receptor

Back 40

G-protein-linked transmembrane

Front 41

where can the adrenergic receptor alpha1 be found?

Back 41

postsynaptic effector cells, especially smooth muscle

Front 42

where can the adrenergic receptor alpha2 be found?

Back 42

presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals, platelets, lipocytes

Front 43

where can the adrenergic receptor beta1 be found?

Back 43

heart

Front 44

where can the adrenergic receptor beta2 be found?

Back 44

postsynaptic vascular smooth muscles

Front 45

where can beta3 adrenergic receptors be found?

Back 45

lipocytes

Front 46

describe the process of signal tranduction from binding of NT to physiologic actions?

Back 46

.

Front 47

describe the mechanism of action of beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors

Back 47

.

Front 48

what is the location of muscarinic M3 receptors?

Back 48

exocrine glands

Front 49

what is the location of muscarinic M2 receptors?

Back 49

myocardium

Front 50

what is the effect of binding norepinephrine with alpha1 adrenergic receptors? (2)

Back 50

1. vascular smooth muscle contraction
2. genitourinary smooth muscle contraction

Front 51

what is the effect of binding norepinephrine with beta1 adrenergic receptors? (2)

Back 51

1. increased chronotropy and inotrpy in the heart
2. increased AV-node conduction velocity in the heart

Front 52

what is the effect of binding norepinephrine with beta2 adrenergic receptors? (2)

Back 52

bronchiolar smooth muscle relaxation

Front 53

what is the effect of binding norepinephrine with alpha2 adrenergic receptors? (2)

Back 53

decreased norepinephrine release from nerves

Front 54

Increased BP, HR, sphincter tone, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis, dilated pupils, bronchioles, distant vision, blood diverted to skeletal muscles would be seen with?

Back 54

sympathetic stimulation

Front 55

Increased GI motility & secretions, contracted bronchioles, pupils and ciliary muscle, decreased HR, voiding urine would be seen with?

Back 55

parasympathetic stimulation