Pbl Conglomerate

Front 1

"Mosaic" irregular/lamellar bone would be seen in which phase of Paget's disease?

Back 1

Mixed phase

Front 2

"Stop sign" shaped crystals in urine

Back 2

Cysteinuria

Front 3

"Swan neck" deformity of fingers + ulnar deviation of hands = ?

Back 3

Rhematoid arthritis

Front 4

>95% seropositive after MMRV if >12mos age and lifelong protection against rubella is conferred with?

Back 4

Single dose

Front 5

2 or more of the following: fever (T>38°C) or hypothermia (T< 36°C), tachycardia (HR>90), tachypnea (RR>20), leukocytosis (WBC>12,000 or differential w/ >10% bands). TOW?

Back 5

SIRS

Front 6

3 zones of adrenal cortex and their products

Back 6

Glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), fasciculata (glucocorticoid=GC), and reticularis (adrenal androgens)

Front 7

A man, who practices “sex with another man”, has antibodies to HIV (ELISA and WB) but asymptomatic. TOW?

Back 7

Clinical latency

Front 8

A pen-allergy, non-pregnant, female pt w/ fever, "copper penny" macular lesions on the palms or soles; RPR(+) should be

Back 8

Doxycycline (secondary syphilis)

Front 9

A pregnant woman with 1o symptomatic HSV-2 infection is at risk of her baby developing

Back 9

neonatal (congenital) herpes

Front 10

A woman with obstetric infection has fever > 102oF, SBP < 90; diffuse sunburn-like rash or desquamation of palms and soles; multisystem Sx/Sns; vomiting, and diarrhea; BLCx (-). TOW?

Back 10

Staphylococcal Toxic shock Syndrome

Front 11

A1a-selective blocker with no effects on HTN used for BPH*

Back 11

Tamsulosin (Flomax)

Front 12

Abdominal layer continuous with cremasteric fascia

Back 12

Internal oblique

Front 13

Abdominal layer continuous with external spermatic fascia

Back 13

External oblique

Front 14

Abdominal layer continuous with internal spermatic fascia

Back 14

Transversalis fascia

Front 15

ABVD regimen used for Hodgkins Disease, but appears less likely to cause sterility and secondary malignancies than MOPP

Back 15

Adriamycin (doxorubicin) +bleomycin, vinblastine +dacarbazine

Front 16

ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in *

Back 16

pregnancy and with K+

Front 17

Acetaminophen only has

Back 17

Antipyretic and analgesic activity

Front 18

Aceullular structure underlying basement membrane of cornea

Back 18

Bowman's membrane

Front 19

Acid/base effect of acetazolamide

Back 19

Metabolic acidosis

Front 20

Acid/base effect of loop diuretics

Back 20

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 21

Acid/base effect of thiazides

Back 21

Metabolic alkalosis

Front 22

Activation of these receptors close Ca2+ ion channels to inhibit neurotransmitter release

Back 22

Presynaptic mu, delta, and kappa receptors

Front 23

Activation of these receptors open K+ ion channels to cause membrane hyperpolarization

Back 23

Postsynaptic Mu receptors

Front 24

Activation of this receptor causes improved regulation of genes for carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Back 24

PPAR gamma

Front 25

Additional drug useful in HER-2 positive breast cancers

Back 25

Trastuzumab

Front 26

Additional SE of TMP-SMX in AIDS patients

Back 26

Fever and pancytopenia

Front 27

Adrenal hormone NOT synthesized in the fasiculata

Back 27

Aldosterone (some DHEA is produced in addition to cortisol)

Front 28

Adrenal hormone whose production is DECREASED in adrenogenital syndrome

Back 28

Cortisol

Front 29

Adrenal tumor Cushing's and Conn's disease: Effect on opposite adrenal gland?

Back 29

Cushings: atrophy, Conn's: none

Front 30

Advantage of 3rd gen over 1st gen cephalosporins

Back 30

Broading spectrum of action (particularly against gram neg), some able to cross BBB

Front 31

Affect of papillary carcinoma on thyroid function

Back 31

NONE

Front 32

Affect of PTH on phosphate excretion

Back 32

Increased

Front 33

Age groups for osteoid osteoma

Back 33

Children and young adults

Front 34

Age range and location within bone for enchondroma

Back 34

Young adults, medullary space

Front 35

Age range for Ewing

Back 35

Children most commonly 10-15

Front 36

Age range for giant-cell tumors

Back 36

30's to 50's

Front 37

Age, location, history of nodular fasciitis

Back 37

Young adult, upper extremity, trauma (not always)

Front 38

Agent similar to cisplatin, less nephrotoxic, but greater myelosuppression

Back 38

Carboplatin

Front 39

Agent used for closure of patent ductus arteriosus

Back 39

Indomethacin

Front 40

Agent used in shock because it dilates coronary arteries and increases renal blood flow

Back 40

Dopamine

Front 41

Agent which stimulates cardiac contractile force more than rate with little effect on total peripheral resistance

Back 41

Dobutamine

Front 42

Agents that block L-type calcium channel

Back 42

Calcium channel blockers

Front 43

Agents that reduce heart rate, contractility, and O2 demand*

Back 43

Beta-blockers

Front 44

Alkylating agent, vesicant that causes tissue damage with extravasation

Back 44

Mechlorethamine

Front 45

All opioids except this agent (which has a muscarinic blocking action) cause pupillary constriction

Back 45

Meperidine

Front 46

All sex partners of pt with chancroid, regardless of symptoms, should be examined and treated with

Back 46

Azythromycin > ceftriaxone

Front 47

Almost all local anesthetics have this property and sometimes require the administration of vasoconstrictors (ex. Epinephrine) to prolong activity

Back 47

Vasodilation

Front 48

Alpha 1 agonist toxicity

Back 48

Hypertension

Front 49

Alpha 1-selective blockers*

Back 49

Prazosin, terazosin and doxazosin (-AZOSIN ending)

Front 50

Alpha agonist used to produce mydriasis and reduce conjunctival itching and congestion caused by irritation or allergy, it does not cause cycloplegia

Back 50

Phenylephrine

Front 51

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor associated with elevation of LFT's

Back 51

Acarbose

Front 52

Alternate name for crescentic glomerulonephritis

Back 52

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Front 53

Alternate name for MEN Type I

Back 53

Wermer syndrome

Front 54

Alternate name for minimal change disease

Back 54

Lipoid nephrosis

Front 55

Alternate name for osteochondroma

Back 55

Exostosis

Front 56

Alternate name for osteopetrosis

Back 56

Albers-Schonberg disease

Front 57

Alternate name for Paget disease of bone

Back 57

Osteitis deformans

Front 58

Alternate name for primary chronic adrenocortical insufficiency

Back 58

Addison disease

Front 59

Alternate name for somatomedin C

Back 59

IGF-1

Front 60

Alternate name for subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Back 60

de Quarvain thyroiditis

Front 61

Alternate name for type II embranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Back 61

Dense deposit disease

Front 62

Alternate name for vital capacity

Back 62

Forced vital capacity

Front 63

Alternate names for MEN IIA and IIB

Back 63

IIA - Sipple syndrome; IIB - Williams syndrome

Front 64

Amino acid derivative, active as an insulin secretagogue *

Back 64

Nateglinide

Front 65

Aminoglycosides used with loop diuretics potentiate what adverse effect?

Back 65

Ototoxicity

Front 66

Amyloid stroma is a common feature of what thyroid tumor

Back 66

Medullary carcinoma

Front 67

An older woman with PID and tubo-ovarian abscess receives ceftriaxone, azythromycin, and metronidazole because

Back 67

Polymicrobic (endogenous) infection

Front 68

Analog of hypoxanthine, needs HGPRTase for activation

Back 68

6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)

Front 69

Anatomical abnormality in empty sella

Back 69

Arachnoid herniates through diaphragma sella

Front 70

Anemia caused by trimethoprim

Back 70

Megaloblastic anemia

Front 71

Angiotensin receptor blockers do NOT cause *

Back 71

Dry cough

Front 72

Anion gap in acidosis from diarrhea

Back 72

Normal

Front 73

Anti gout drug that inhibits microtubular polymerization

Back 73

Colchicine

Front 74

Anti-androgen used for prostate cancer

Back 74

Flutamide (Eulexin)

Front 75

Anti-biotic frequently used for chronic UTI prophylaxis

Back 75

sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim

Front 76

Antibody marker seen in sarcomas

Back 76

Vimentin

Front 77

Anticancer drug also used in RA, produces acrolein in urine that leads to hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 77

Cyclophosphamide

Front 78

Antidote for acetaminophen toxicity

Back 78

N-acetylcysteine

Front 79

Antidote for acrolein toxicity from cycophosphamide

Back 79

Mesna

Front 80

Anti-emetics used in association with anti-cancer drugs that are 5-HT3 (serotonin receptor subtype ) antagonists

Back 80

*Odansetron, granisetron

Front 81

Anti-estrogen used for estrogen receptor + breast cancer

Back 81

** Tamoxifen

Front 82

Antifungal agent used for inhibition of all gonadal and adrenal steroids

Back 82

Ketoconazole

Front 83

Anti-HTN med recommended in pregnant patient

Back 83

Methyldopa

Front 84

Anti-malarial drug used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Back 84

Hydroxychloroquine

Front 85

Anti-microbials that cause hemolysis in G6PD-deficient patients

Back 85

Sulfonamides

Front 86

Antiprogestin used as potent antagonist of GC receptor

Back 86

Mifepristone

Front 87

Anti-rheumatic agent also used for Chron's disease

Back 87

Infliximab

Front 88

Anti-rheumatic agent also used for ulcerative colitis

Back 88

Sulfasalazine

Front 89

Apoprotein cofactor of lipoprotein lipase

Back 89

ApoC-II (don't get confused, ApoC-III is an inhibitor)

Front 90

Appearance and location of giant-cell tumor

Back 90

Large, red-brown, and cystic, found in epiphyses or metaphyses

Front 91

Appearance of cells in Ewing sarcoma

Back 91

Small, round, blue

Front 92

Appearance of fibrous dysplasia of bone

Back 92

Irregular woven bone spicules in a fibroblastic stroma

Front 93

Appearance of nuclei in papillary carcinoma of thyroid

Back 93

Clear

Front 94

Aromatase inhibitor used in breast cancer

Back 94

Letrozole, anastrozole

Front 95

Arterial vasodilator that works by opening K+ channels

Back 95

Minoxidil

Front 96

Artery to small intestine

Back 96

SMA

Front 97

Asbestosis: obstructive or restrictive

Back 97

Restrictive

Front 98

Aspirin is contraindicated in children with viral infection

Back 98

Potential for development of Reye's syndrome

Front 99

Assuming steady state, at 25% GFR, creatinine levels and excretion would be?

Back 99

Creatinine level = 4 x normal, Excretion level = normal

Front 100

Auxotrophic strains of N. gonorrhoeae with serum (complements) resistance are likely to cause

Back 100

Septic arthritis (aka: DGI)

Front 101

Available bisphosphonates

Back 101

Alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, pamidronate, tiludronate, and zoledronic acid

Front 102

B-blockers that are more cardioselective

Back 102

Beta-1 selective blockers

Front 103

Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose

Back 103

Flumazenil

Front 104

Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia

Back 104

Midazolam

Front 105

Beta 1 agonist toxicity

Back 105

Sinus tachycardia and serious arrhythmias

Front 106

Beta 2 agonist toxicity

Back 106

Skeletal muscle tremor, tachycardia

Front 107

Beta 2 agonist used to suppress premature labor, but cardiac stimulatory effects may be hazardous to mother and fetus

Back 107

Terbutaline

Front 108

Beta-blockers should be used cautiously in

Back 108

Asthma (bronchospastic effects), diabetes (block signs of hypoglycemia)and peripheral vascular disease

Front 109

Better ventilated: upper or lower lung

Back 109

Lower

Front 110

Biguanide

Back 110

Metformin

Front 111

Bilateral pheochromocytomas means?

Back 111

It's familial (check MEN II)

Front 112

Biopsy characteristic of lyme

Back 112

lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and endothelial proliferation

Front 113

Birefringence of monosodium urate crystals

Back 113

Negative

Front 114

Bisphosphonates that cannot be used on continuous basis because it caused osteomalacia

Back 114

Etidronate

Front 115

Bladder outlet obstruction increases risk of?

Back 115

Infection (particularly E. Coli)

Front 116

Bleomycin+vinblastine+etoposide+cisplatin produce almost a 100% response when all agents are used for this neoplasm

Back 116

Testicular cancer

Front 117

Blood supply of retinal receptor layer

Back 117

Choriocapillary layer

Front 118

Blood supply to stomach

Back 118

Right and left gastroepiploics right, left, and short gastrics

Front 119

Blows DNA (breaks DNA strands), limiting SE is pulmonary fibrosis

Back 119

* Bleomycin

Front 120

Blue sclera, dumbell teeth, hearing loss, mutliple fractures. Dx?

Back 120

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Front 121

Blunted calyces =

Back 121

Chronic pylenonephritis

Front 122

BMP calcium levels: free, bound, or total?

Back 122

Total

Front 123

Bone cell mutated in osteopetrosis. What can't it do?

Back 123

Osteoclast. It can't produce carbonic anhydrase and in turn can't resorb bone

Front 124

Bone condition at risk in Cushing's

Back 124

Osteoporosis

Front 125

Bone lesion has excessive osteoclasts and fibroblast proliferation. Likely dx?

Back 125

Hyperparathyroidism

Front 126

Bone tumor in child with closely packed, primitive cells with small nuclei. Dx?

Back 126

Ewing sarcoma or PNET

Front 127

Bone tumor with "soap bubble" xray appearance

Back 127

Giant-cell tumor

Front 128

Bony attachments of inguinal ligament

Back 128

ASIS and pubic tubercle

Front 129

Bony outgrouth with a cartilagenous cap. Dx?

Back 129

Osteochondroma

Front 130

Both postinfectious glomerulonephritis and membranous glomerulopathy can have IgG + C3 deposits. How can you differentiate?

Back 130

Postinfectious = electron dense subepithelial humps, membranous = diffuse basement membrane thickening

Front 131

Both thickening and thinning and glomerular basement membrane = ?

Back 131

Alport syndrome

Front 132

Boundaries of Hesselbach’s triangle

Back 132

Inguinal ligament, rectus abdominis, inferior epigastric artery and vein

Front 133

Branches of celiac artery

Back 133

Left gastric, common hepatic and splenic

Front 134

C3 nephritic factor is present in

Back 134

Type II membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (dense deposit disease)

Front 135

Cancer risk increased with Hashimoto thyroiditis

Back 135

non-Hodkin B-cell lymphoma

Front 136

Cancer ruled out by negative low and high dose dexamethasone suppression test

Back 136

Pituitary adenoma

Front 137

Cancer with increased risk in analgesic nephropathy patients

Back 137

Transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis

Front 138

Captopril and enalapril (-OPRIL ending) are *

Back 138

ACE inhibitors

Front 139

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor*

Back 139

Acetazolamide

Front 140

Cardioselective Beta 1-blockers *

Back 140

Atenolol, acebutolol, and metoprolol

Front 141

Casts seen in ischemic ATN

Back 141

Hyaline and granular

Front 142

Cause of "bull headed clap", urethral stricture, prostatitis is

Back 142

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 143

Cause of anogenital warts w/ histology (+): koilocytes is

Back 143

HPV 6 and 11

Front 144

Cause of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) on pap smear w/ no clinical signs of infection is

Back 144

HPV 16 and 18

Front 145

Cause of bacteremia in neutopenic pts with central line or pts with prosthetic devices and catheters; blood culture (+)

Back 145

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Front 146

Cause of chronic, vertebral osteomyelitis (blood culture negative)?

Back 146

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 147

Cause of deeper and wider lesions with interconnecting subcutaneous abscesses arising from infection of several neighboring hair follicles, in young children.

Back 147

Staphylococcus aureus (Curbuncle)

Front 148

Cause of fever, chills, malaise, joint pain, swelling. PE: tenderness, erythema, heat, swelling, decreased ROM. CBC: leukocytosis w/ neutrophils predominating; joint aspirate: no crystals.
Clue1: sexually active; BLCx (-); responds to ceftriaxone Think of other pathogens (BLCx negative):
Clue2: Rheumatoid arthritis?
Clue3: IVDU?
Clue4: Unpasteurized dairy products
Clue5: Diabetes

Back 148

Septic arthritis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
S. aureus
S. aureus, P. aeruginosa
Brucella spp.
S. agalactiae (GBS)

Front 149

Cause of genital chancre, begining as a papule, ulcerating to form a single, painless, clean-based ulcer.

Back 149

Treponema pallidum

Front 150

Cause of intraabdominal abscess w/ putrid pus; anaerobic bacteremia in pt with trauma or solid GI tumor?

Back 150

Bacteroides fragilis.

Front 151

Cause of koilocytotic cells and possible progression to squamous cell carcinoma

Back 151

HPV 16 and 18

Front 152

Cause of mucopurulent urethritis, dysuria, penile pruritis [Smear (+):Gram-negative diplococci co-populated w/ PMNs] is

Back 152

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 153

Cause of osteomyelitis in pt w/ underlying sickle cell Dz; blood culture +)?

Back 153

Salmonella typhimurium

Front 154

Cause of osteomyelitis in pt. w/ hx of cat bites; GNSR; fastidious growth of wound culture?

Back 154

Pasteurella multocida

Front 155

Cause of painful genital ulcers; purulent, grey base; painful inguinal adenitis, in a sexually promiscuous man

Back 155

Haemophilus ducreyi

Front 156

Cause of permanent neonatal diabetes

Back 156

Gain of function mutation in ATP-sensitive potassium channels

Front 157

Cause of rare genital ulcers, inguinal lymphadenopathy [cytology(-) for multi-nucleated giant cells; RPR (-)] in men is

Back 157

Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3

Front 158

Cause of S4 heart sound

Back 158

Atrial contraction forcing blood against a stiff ventricular wall

Front 159

Cause of scattered petechial hemorrhage + edema in kidneys

Back 159

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis associated with malignant HTN

Front 160

Cause of severe pain on his knee w/ site of injury is tender and erythematous. Blood culture may yield?

Back 160

Streptococcus pyogenes. (Cellulitis)

Front 161

Cause of severe, watery diarrhea in a woman with toxic shock syndrome?

Back 161

Enterotoxin (coregulated with TSST-1)

Front 162

Cause of single or multiple scaly and/or crusted patches and/or plaques, affecting the scalp or beard area +/- inflammation.

Back 162

Dermatophytes

Front 163

Cause of spreading (butterfly-wing) erythema on the face that responds to empirical penicillin.

Back 163

Streptococcus pyogenes (Erysipelas)

Front 164

Cause of subcutaenous lesions w/ slow spread by lymphatic system producing nodules in a gardener, or from rose-thorn injury.

Back 164

Sporothrix schenckii

Front 165

Cause of superficial pustules progressing to erosions covered by honey-colored crusts, surrounded by erythematous halo, in young children.

Back 165

Staphylococcus aureus >> Streptococcus pyogenes (non- bullous impetigo)

Front 166

Cause of toxic shock syndrome, which responds to vancomycin and clindamycin?

Back 166

MRSA

Front 167

Cause of vertebral, sternoclavicular or pelvic bone infections (in pt w/ IVDU) or osteochondritis of foot (following penetrating injuries through tennis shoes)?

Back 167

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 168

Causes bone marrow suppression

Back 168

Methotrexate

Front 169

Causes of type II crescentic glomerulonephritis

Back 169

SLE, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, postinfectious

Front 170

Causes of type III crescentic glomerulonephritis

Back 170

Wegener's granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis

Front 171

Causitive organism of ostemyelitis more likely in sickle cell patients

Back 171

Salmonella

Front 172

CCB contraindicated in CHF *

Back 172

Verapamil

Front 173

CCB with predominate effect on arteriole dilation

Back 173

Nifedipine

Front 174

CCS chemotherapeutic acting in late S/early G0 via interactions with topoisomerase II

Back 174

Etoposide

Front 175

Cell type in medullary carcnioma of the thyroid

Back 175

C cells (aka parafollicular cells)

Front 176

Cell type osteosarcomas are derived from

Back 176

Osteoblasts

Front 177

Cell types infiltrating to cause insulitis in Type I diabetes

Back 177

T-cells

Front 178

Cells in giant-cell bone tumors resemble?

Back 178

Osteoclasts

Front 179

Cells that are hypofunction in osteoarthritis

Back 179

Chondrocytes

Front 180

Characteristic EM finding of minimal change disease

Back 180

Effacement/fusion of podocyte food processes

Front 181

Characteristic history of an osteoid osteoma

Back 181

Pain is disproporrtionate to the size of the lesion

Front 182

Child eats meat then has dark urine/stool + glomerular thrombi. Dx?

Back 182

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Front 183

Child w/ nephrotic syndrome and NO other findings. Likely dx?

Back 183

Minimal change disease

Front 184

Child with hx of multiple fractures, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia, multiple CN palsies. Likely dx?

Back 184

Osteopetrosis

Front 185

Child with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. Likely dx?

Back 185

Minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis)

Front 186

Chronic orthostatic hypotension can be treated with

Back 186

Midodrine

Front 187

Class of drugs that may cause cross-sensitivity with thiazide diuretics.

Back 187

Sulfonamides

Front 188

Classes of diabetic drugs unlikely to cause hypoglycemia when used alone

Back 188

Biguanides (metformin), thiazolidinediones, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Front 189

Classic lesions in diabetic nephropathy

Back 189

Nodular and diffuse glomerusclerosis

Front 190

Clinically important organs for portacaval anastomoses

Back 190

Esophagus, rectum, liver, spleen

Front 191

Combining metformin and alcohol incrases the risk of?

Back 191

Lactic acidosis

Front 192

Common cause of cutaneous mycosis with animal contact

Back 192

Microsporum spp.

Front 193

Common cause of hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Back 193

Ingestion of verocytotoxin-producing E. Cole (usually O157:H7)

Front 194

Common locations of rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 194

Head/neck, genitourinary tract, retroperitoneum

Front 195

Common SE of spironolactone

Back 195

Gynecomastia and hyperkalemia

Front 196

Common SE of sulfonylureas, repaglinide, and nateglinide

Back 196

Hypoglycemia

Front 197

Common side effect of beta 2 agonists (when used systemically)

Back 197

Tremor

Front 198

Common toxicities of cisplatin

Back 198

Nephro and ototoxicity

Front 199

Commonly abused local anesthetic which has cardiovascular toxicity including severe hypertension with cerebral hemorrhage, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction

Back 199

Cocaine

Front 200

Communication between greater and lesser sacs

Back 200

Epiploic foramen

Front 201

Co-morbidity common with autoimmune adrenalitis

Back 201

Other autoimmune diseases in 50% of cases, often endocrine

Front 202

Competitive inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptors

Back 202

Mifepristone

Front 203

Compliance in emphysema

Back 203

Increased

Front 204

Compliance in restrictive lung disease

Back 204

Decreased

Front 205

Compliance in surfactant deficiency

Back 205

Decreased

Front 206

Composition of staghorn calculi

Back 206

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

Front 207

Condition causing deposition of homogentisic acid (ochronis) into large joints

Back 207

Alkaptonuria

Front 208

Condition in which fluid accumulates in processus vaginalis

Back 208

Hydrocele

Front 209

Condition with antithyroid peroxidase antibodies

Back 209

BOTH Hashimoto and Graves, though higher tighter in Hashimoto

Front 210

Conditions where fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 mutations are seen

Back 210

Dwarfism syndromes (e. g. achondroplasia)

Front 211

Connection from bladder to umbilicus in child = ?

Back 211

Persistant urachus

Front 212

Connective tissue tumor with glistening, gray-blue appearance

Back 212

Chondrosarcoma (the color is cartilage)

Front 213

Consequence of achondroplasia

Back 213

Dwarfism (long bones are shortened)

Front 214

Constant proportion of cell population killed rather than a constant number

Back 214

Log-kill hypothesis

Front 215

Converts asparagine to aspartate and ammonia, denies cancer cells of essential AA (asparagine)

Back 215

L-asparaginase

Front 216

COX 2 inhibitors may have reduced risk of

Back 216

Gastric ulcers and GI Bleeding

Front 217

COX 2 inhibitors should be used cautiously in pts with

Back 217

Pre-existing cardiac or renal disease

Front 218

COX-2 selective decrease GI toxicity but increase risk of?

Back 218

Arterial thrombosis

Front 219

Cytokine released when monosodium urate crystals are phagocytized

Back 219

Leukotriene B4

Front 220

Dark urine + sensorineural hearing loss + corneal erosions

Back 220

Alport

Front 221

Deficiency in serum factors in a female pt w/ frequent gonorrhea and DGIs is

Back 221

C6-C9

Front 222

Define pulmonary physiologic shunt

Back 222

Amount of blood the passes through lung (per minute) without being oxygenated

Front 223

Define: tubulorrhexis

Back 223

Rupture of tubular basement membrane

Front 224

Dermatome around nipple

Back 224

T4

Front 225

Dermatome to suprapubic area

Back 225

L1

Front 226

Dermatome to umbilical area

Back 226

T10

Front 227

Describe expiratory flow curve in restrictive lung disease

Back 227

Begins and ends at low volumes, flow rate higher vs normal for given volume

Front 228

Describe malacoplakia. What setting does it normally occur?

Back 228

Reaction to chronic bladder infection causes reduced macrophage function, which develop intracellelular concretions (Michaelis-Gutman bodies). Occurs in immunosupression.

Front 229

Describe Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Back 229

One or more islet cell adenomas that secrete gastrin; produces intractable PUD

Front 230

Destructive lesion in vertebra + abscess along psoas muscle. Dx?

Back 230

Tuberculous osteomyelitis

Front 231

Dexamethasone + this drug is a very effect antiemesis treatment for chemotherapy

Back 231

Granisetron

Front 232

Difference between and osteoid osteoma and osteoblastoma

Back 232

Size. If > 2 cm, it is an osteoblastoma

Front 233

Difference between aspirin and other NSAIDS

Back 233

Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase

Front 234

Difference between total ventilation and alveolar ventilation

Back 234

Alveolar subtracts dead space, total does not

Front 235

Difference of floroquinolone mechanism in gram + vs gram -

Back 235

Gram +: Topoisomerase IV inhibitor, Gram - : DNA gyrase inhibitor

Front 236

Differentiation of Staphylococcus saprophyticus from S. epidermidis (both coagulase negative) is based on

Back 236

novobiocin resistance

Front 237

Dimorphic fungus that grows at 37°C as cigar-shaped yeast, and produces septate hyphae and conidia (in daisy arrangement) at 25°C is

Back 237

Sporothrix schenckii

Front 238

Direct vasodilator of arteriolar smooth muscle

Back 238

Hydralazine

Front 239

Disease predisposing to pseudogout

Back 239

Hemochromatosis

Front 240

Disease where HGPRT is deficient and its symptoms

Back 240

Lesch-Nyhan. Hyperurecemia, retardation, self-mutilation, sometimes gout

Front 241

Distal radius fracture in an eldery person: more likely Paget's or osteoporosis?

Back 241

Osteoporosis

Front 242

Diuretic most likely to cause syncope

Back 242

Furosemide

Front 243

Diuretic that gives paresthesias and GI upset, especially when used chronically

Back 243

Acetazolamide

Front 244

Diuretic used for mountain sickness and glaucoma*

Back 244

Acetazolamide

Front 245

Diuretic used to antagonize aldosterone receptors

Back 245

Spironolactone

Front 246

Diuretic used to treat primary aldosteronism *

Back 246

Spironolactone

Front 247

Diuretic which can cause initial water retention and hyponatremia

Back 247

Thiazides

Front 248

DMARDs are slow acting drugs for

Back 248

Rheumatic disease

Front 249

DNA polymerase inhibitor used in leukemias

Back 249

Cytarabine

Front 250

Do loop diuretics and thiazides cause greater excretion of Na or K?

Back 250

Sodium

Front 251

DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics

Back 251

Dantrolene

Front 252

DOC for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Back 252

PenG + clindamycin

Front 253

DOC of bacterial vaginosis is

Back 253

metronidazole

Front 254

DOC of most frequent cause of nongonococcal urethritis

Back 254

Azythromycin > doxycycline

Front 255

DOC of sporotrchosis

Back 255

itraconazole.

Front 256

DOC to treat UTI in pregnant women is

Back 256

Nitrofurantoin

Front 257

Does estrogen act through osteoblasts, osteoclasts, or both?

Back 257

BOTH

Front 258

Drug ofter used in combination with TNF - alpha inhitors for RA

Back 258

Methotrexate

Front 259

Drug to use for edema + metabolic alkalosis

Back 259

Acetazolamide

Front 260

Drug used concurrently with toxic anticancer agents to reduce renal precipitation of urates

Back 260

Allopurinol

Front 261

Drug used in cancer therapy causes Cushing-like symptoms

Back 261

Prednisone

Front 262

Drugs available in combination with metformin

Back 262

Glyburide, glipizide, and rosiglitazone

Front 263

Ducts that join to form common bile duct

Back 263

Cystic and common hepatic

Front 264

Duration of action of crystalline zinc insulin

Back 264

Rapid

Front 265

Duration of action of insulin glargine and lispro

Back 265

Glargine - long-acting, lispro - short-acting

Front 266

Dx of mucopurulent urethral discharge, dysuria, penile pruritis is based on

Back 266

NAAT of urethral specimen or urine (+)

Front 267

Dysfunction of podocyte slit diaphragm apparatus is seen with which glomerular lesion?

Back 267

Focal segmental glomerusclerosis

Front 268

Dz characterized by bullae and denuded areas after the blisters rupture, covered by thin, varnish-like light brown crusts; regional lymphadenopathy, in children.
DOC if lab: gram stain and culture of pus or base of the lesions yields GPC in chains.
DOC if lab: gram stain and culture of pus or base of the lesions yields GPC in clusters.

Back 268

Bullous impetigo
Penicillin G
Nafcillin

Front 269

Dz giving increased predisposition to papillary necrosis following acute pyelonophritis

Back 269

Diabetes

Front 270

Dz is characterized by arthritis in up to 6 joints (especially knees, feet), low back pain/stiffness, irritable eyes w/ or w/o redness, conjunctivitis, iritis, malaise. TOW?
Caused by:
Clue1: sexually acquired
Clue2: non-sexually acquired

Back 270

Reactive arthritis
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae
Campylobacter, Salmonella

Front 271

Dz w/ subcutaenous lesions w/ slow spread by lymphatic system producing nodules in a gardener, or from rose-thorn injury.

Back 271

Sporotrichosis

Front 272

Easiest way to differentiate osteosarcoma from Ewing sarcoma

Back 272

Locatoin. Osteo = metaphyseal, Ewing = diaphyseal

Front 273

Easiest way to exclude renal failure as a cause of hyperparathyroidism

Back 273

Low phosphate levels. Phosphate is retained with renal failure

Front 274

Easiest way to segregate ARPKD from multicystic renal dysplasia

Back 274

Liver involvement

Front 275

Easiest way to segregate pancreatic adenocarcinoma versus islet cell tumor

Back 275

Adenocarcinoma does not secrete hormones

Front 276

Effect of acidosis on free Calcium. Why?

Back 276

Increased. H+ is buffered by phosphate, which reduces binding partners for Ca

Front 277

Effect of acromegaly of serum glucose

Back 277

Increased due to insulin resistance

Front 278

Effect of ACTH on total cholesterol

Back 278

Decreased (cortisol production requires cholesterol)

Front 279

Effect of antacids on flouroquinolones bioavailability

Back 279

Decreased

Front 280

Effect of beta blockers on renin release

Back 280

Decreased

Front 281

Effect of Conn syndrome on corticotropin levels

Back 281

NONE. Aldosterone does not exhibit feedback on corticotropin

Front 282

Effect of decreased serum protein on interstitial fluid pressure and lymphatic flow

Back 282

Increased

Front 283

Effect of efferent arteriolar constriction on peritubular capillary pressure

Back 283

DECREASED (peritubular capillaries are after the fferents)

Front 284

Effect of emphysemia on total lung capacity

Back 284

Increased

Front 285

Effect of GH on carbohydrate utilization

Back 285

Decreased

Front 286

Effect of glucagon on muscle

Back 286

NONE. There are no glucagon receptor on skeletal muscle

Front 287

Effect of hyperglycemia on GFR. Why?

Back 287

Increased. Increased glucose dilates afferent arterioles

Front 288

Effect of hyperkalemia of EKG

Back 288

Tall T waves

Front 289

Effect of hypothyroidism on cholesterol levels

Back 289

Increased

Front 290

Effect of parasympathetic nerves on lungs

Back 290

Bronchoconstriction, vasodilation

Front 291

Effect of propylthiouracil on thyroid products and size

Back 291

T4 synthesis blocked, but thyroglobulin still made. Increase in size (assuming TSH is available)

Front 292

Effect of PTH on Mg excretion

Back 292

Decreased

Front 293

Effect of reduction to 25% of nephrons on sodium excretion and creatinine filtration

Back 293

Transient decrease, but returns to normal at steady state

Front 294

Effect of schistosomiasis on bladder

Back 294

Chronic inflammation and scarring

Front 295

Effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors on platelets

Back 295

NOTHING

Front 296

Effect of sympathetic nerves on lungs

Back 296

Bronchodilation, vasoconstriction

Front 297

Effect of T4 on physiologic growth

Back 297

Permissive (required to be present, but doesn't change it much)

Front 298

Effect of vitamin D on phosphate levels

Back 298

Increased

Front 299

Effect on GFR of renal artery pressure decrease from 120 to 80

Back 299

NONE. This is still in autoregulation range, renin system will restore renal artery pressure

Front 300

Effects of isoproterenol on systolic/diastolic blood pressures and HR

Back 300

Systolic - little or no change, diastolic decreased, HR increased

Front 301

EKG abnormality with calcium channel blockers

Back 301

Increased PR interval

Front 302

Elastic recoil in emphysema

Back 302

Decreased

Front 303

Elastic recoil in restrictive lung disease

Back 303

Increased

Front 304

Eliminaiton method of most flouroquinolones

Back 304

Renal

Front 305

Embryologic origin of craniopharyngioma

Back 305

Remnant of Rathke pouch

Front 306

Empiric DOC to treat community-acquired UTI in adults is

Back 306

ciprofloxacin

Front 307

Endocrine product of neuroblastoma, urine test used

Back 307

Catecholamine precursors, homovanillic acid (HVA)

Front 308

Endogenous insulin contains

Back 308

Normal C-peptide

Front 309

Endotoxin that mounts pro-inflammatory cytokines, responsible for endotoxic shock, is

Back 309

Lipid A of LPS

Front 310

Enzyme blocked by SMX

Back 310

Dihydropteroate Synthase

Front 311

Enzyme blocked by TMP

Back 311

Dihydrofolate reductase

Front 312

Enzyme causing converstion of glucose to sorbitol

Back 312

Aldose reductase

Front 313

Enzyme deficient in salt-wasting form of adrenogenital syndrome

Back 313

21-hydroxylase

Front 314

Enzyme inhibited for 5-FU

Back 314

Thymidylate synthase

Front 315

Epinephrine is often mixed with a local anesthetic to

Back 315

Reduce the loss from area of injection

Front 316

Examples of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGI)

Back 316

Acarbose, miglitol

Front 317

Exogenous insulin contains *

Back 317

Little C-peptide

Front 318

Exposure to arylamines (ex: aniline dyes, beta-naphthylamine) increases risk of?

Back 318

Bladder cancer (urothelial carcinoma)

Front 319

Factor favoring bacterial persistence/colonization and UTI despite high osmolarity and urea concentrations and low pH is

Back 319

high bacterial growth rates

Front 320

Fastidious organism in the infiltrate of the penile ulcer, co-localized with neutrophils and fibrin, in a pt w/ chancroid is

Back 320

Haemophilus ducreyi

Front 321

Fatty replacement of pancreas. Dx?

Back 321

Cystic fibrosis

Front 322

FEV1/FVC ratio in obstructive and restrictive lung diseases

Back 322

Obstructive - decreased, Restrictive - increased

Front 323

FEV1/FVC ratio in old age

Back 323

Decreased

Front 324

Fibrinoid necrosis in kidney arterioles is typical of?

Back 324

Nakugbabt beogrisckerisus

Front 325

First generation sulfonylurea

Back 325

Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide, tolazamide, etc.

Front 326

First line tx for Paget's disease

Back 326

Bisphosphonate, calcitonin

Front 327

Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency

Back 327

Methoxyflurane

Front 328

Focal segmental: presents with nephritic or nephrotic?

Back 328

Nephrotic

Front 329

Follicular adenoma: usually hot or cold nodules

Back 329

Cold ("toxic" follicular adenoma is an exception)

Front 330

For a patient with complicated UTI, once culture and sensitivity available, switch to what?

Back 330

Narrow-spectrum abx

Front 331

For rebound HTN from rapid clonidine withdrawal

Back 331

Phentolamine

Front 332

Formula and normal value for anion gap

Back 332

Na - Cl - HCO3; Normal values 8-16

Front 333

Formula for forced vital capacity

Back 333

Total lung capacity - Residual volume

Front 334

Four main actions of NSAIDS

Back 334

Anti-inflammatory, analgesia, antipyretic and antiplatelet activity

Front 335

Four symptoms of aspirin toxicity

Back 335

Hyperthermia, metabolic acidosis, coma, dehydration

Front 336

Frequency of exopthalmos in graves disease

Back 336

Only 40%

Front 337

Fuel source preferentially used when GH is secreted

Back 337

Fats

Front 338

Function of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)

Back 338

Purine salvage pathway. Converts hypoxanthine to IMP and guanine to GMP. Decreases net uric acid

Front 339

Function of Vasopressin 1 vs 2 receptors

Back 339

1 = vasoconstriction, 2 = water absorption

Front 340

Gene and encoded protein in ARPKD

Back 340

PKHD1, Fibrocystin

Front 341

Gene lost in 80% of sporadic clear cell carcinomas

Back 341

VHL

Front 342

Generation of ceftriaxone

Back 342

3rd

Front 343

Genes and encoded protein in ADPKD

Back 343

PKD1 and PKD2, Polycystin

Front 344

Genetic defect in Alport

Back 344

Mutation in alpha-5 chain of type IV collagen

Front 345

Genetic defects in glomerular basement membrane structure = ?

Back 345

Hereditary nephritis

Front 346

Genital chancre begins as a papule, ulcerates to form a single, painless, clean-based ulcer. TOW?

Back 346

primary syphilis

Front 347

Genotype very strongly associated with seronegative spondyloarthropathies

Back 347

HLA-B27

Front 348

GH secretion: stimulated by hyper or hypoglycemia?

Back 348

Hypoglycemia

Front 349

GI consequence of Cushing's

Back 349

Can induce peptic ulcers

Front 350

Giemsa stain of fluid from a herpetic lesion should reveal

Back 350

Multinucleated giant cells

Front 351

Give dx based on microscopic appearance: papillary projection in thyroid follicles lined by tall columnar epithelial cells, stromal lymphoid aggregates,

Back 351

Graves disease

Front 352

Give dx based on microscopic appearance: thyoid with nests of cell in congo red-positive hyaline stroma

Back 352

Medullary carcinoma

Front 353

Give dx based on microscopic appearance: Thyroid Follicular destruction with lymphoid aggregates and Hurthle cell metaplasia

Back 353

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Front 354

Give dx based on microscopic appearance: Thyroid Follicular destruction with presence of giant cells

Back 354

Granulomatous thyroiditis

Front 355

Give dx based on microscopic appearance: thyroid with enlarged follicles and flattened epithelial cells

Back 355

Goiter

Front 356

Give the following for RA: small joint or large joints, unilateral or bilateral, symmetric or asymmetric?

Back 356

Small joint, bilateral, symmetric

Front 357

Give the three types of crescentic glomerulonephritis

Back 357

Type I - Anti-GBM, Type II - Immune complex, Type III - neither

Front 358

Glomerular lesion seen with goodpastures

Back 358

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Front 359

Glucagon levels in type 2 diabetes

Back 359

Increased

Front 360

GNAS1 mutations are common in what endocrine tumor?

Back 360

Somatotroph Pituitary adenoma

Front 361

Gout drug that pregnant women should not use

Back 361

Colchicine

Front 362

Gram stain of vaginal discharge w/ fishy odor from a pt w/ vaginal pruritis but no erythema and normal cervix should reveal

Back 362

SECs stippled with Gram- variable organisms.

Front 363

Gram-positive bacteria that cause uncomplicated UTI in sexually active, young women are

Back 363

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Front 364

Greatest risk factor for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder

Back 364

Smoking

Front 365

Heaviest site of GI calcium absorption

Back 365

Duodenum

Front 366

Hereditary tendency of graves disease:

Back 366

Fairly high (50% twin concordance)

Front 367

Histologic feature characteristic of tuberculous arthritis

Back 367

Caseating granulomas

Front 368

HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 are seen with?

Back 368

Type 1 diabetes

Front 369

Homozygous for deletions in what gene renders resistance to infection and some protection against progression.

Back 369

CCR5

Front 370

Hormone production reduced in 11 hydroxylase deficiency

Back 370

Aldosterone and cortisol

Front 371

Hormone production reduced in 17 alpha hydroxylase deficiency

Back 371

Cortisol and DHEA

Front 372

Hormone production reduced in 21 hydroxylase deficiency

Back 372

Aldosterone and cortisol

Front 373

Hormone useful in treatment of beta blocker induced cardiac depression

Back 373

Glucagon

Front 374

Hormone which causes can hyperpigmentation in Cushing's

Back 374

ACTH (or it's precursors)

Front 375

Hormone, other than cortisol, which ACTH plays a roll in regulating

Back 375

DHEA

Front 376

Host cells that trap HIV and mediate the efficient transinfection of CD4+ T cells are

Back 376

Dendritic cells

Front 377

Host factor favoring bacterial persistence/colonization and UTI despite frequent voiding and high urinary flow is

Back 377

Absence of bactericidal effects of secreted proteins

Front 378

Host factor favoring bacterial persistence/colonization and UTI is

Back 378

Urinary stasis

Front 379

Host-cell receptor for HIV-1 infection

Back 379

CD4

Front 380

How to differentiate between 21 vs 11 hydroxylase deficiency

Back 380

Glucocorticoid activity. Neither can make cortisol, but with 11 hydroxylase deficiency, some glucocorticoid active intermediates are produced

Front 381

How to differentiate between MEN 2A versus 2B

Back 381

2B does not have hyperparathyroidism, instead has neuromas/ganglioneuromas at multiple sites and Marfanoid appearance

Front 382

How to differentiate between toxic multinodular goiter versus toxic follicular adenoma

Back 382

Look at the rest of the gland. Will be enlarged with goiter, atrophied with adenoma

Front 383

How to measure vital capacity

Back 383

Max amount expelled after max inhalation

Front 384

HTN emergency drug with long duration of action

Back 384

Labetalol

Front 385

Hx of fever > 38.9oC, SBP < 90 ; diffuse sunburn-like rash or desquamation of palms and soles, in a man w/ necrotizing fasciitis or myositis; multisystem involvement; BLCx (+). TOW?

Back 385

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome

Front 386

Hx of fever, chills, and hypotension. Blood culture yields a GNR, oxidase (-), lactose fermenting organism on MacConkey agar. Immunological mediators of sepsis.

Back 386

IL-1 and TNF

Front 387

Hx of flu-like illness, lymphadenopathy, maculopapular rash in a bisexual man. Lab: lymphopenia and transaminase elevations; monospot/all serology (-). TOW?

Back 387

Acute retroviral syndrome

Front 388

Hx of mononucleosis-like illness and lymphadenopathy in a man who has sex w men. Serology (-). What is HIV viral load?

Back 388

>10,000 copies/ml

Front 389

Hx of painful clustered vesicles with an erythematous base; urinary retention in a woman w multiple sex partners. TOW?

Back 389

HSV-2 >> 1

Front 390

Hx of sudden fever ≥ 39°C , homogeneous vesiculo- pustular rash (unlike common viral exanthems) in multiple pts is caused by

Back 390

Variolla major virus (small pox)

Front 391

Hx of systemic Sx/Sn w/ cervical motion tenderness in a woman with turbo-ovarian abscess. TOW?

Back 391

PID

Front 392

Hydralazine MOA

Back 392

Direction NO release

Front 393

Hyperglycemic agent that increases cAMP and results in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, reverses hypoglycemia, also used to reverse severe betablocker overdose and smooth muscle relaxation

Back 393

Glucagon

Front 394

Hyperosmolar coma: more likely type I or II diabetes

Back 394

Type II

Front 395

If a patient with complicated UTI is severely ill or not improving with therapy, do what rapid test next?

Back 395

renal ultrasound (to rule out urinary tract obstruction)

Front 396

If a unilateral adrenal cortical adenoma is present, but the opposite gland is NOT atrophied, what do you know?

Back 396

It's either nonfunctional or secretes aldosterone, NOT cortisol

Front 397

If patient has Cushing's syndrome plus feminization, where is the tumor probably located?

Back 397

Adrenal cortex

Front 398

IgG + C3 granular deposition and electron-dense subepithelial humps. Likely dx?

Back 398

Postinfectious

Front 399

Immune complex deposition in membranous glomerulopathy: steroid responsive?

Back 399

Nodular and diffuse glomerusclerosis

Front 400

Immune evasion of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in frequent mucosal infection is due to

Back 400

Antigenic variation of pili.

Front 401

Important in muscle and adipose tissue for glucose transport across muscles and TG storage by lipoprotein lipase activation

Back 401

GLUT 4

Front 402

Important in synthesis of glucose to glycogen in the liver

Back 402

GLUT 2

Front 403

In elderly or pt with risks of urinary stasis, fever, chills, flank pain, and CVA tenderness; Lab: pyuria, casts, nitrite+. TOW?

Back 403

Pyelonephritis due to E. coli

Front 404

Incidence of hyoglycemia with metformin

Back 404

None

Front 405

Increase bone density, also being tested for breast CA prophylaxis

Back 405

Raloxifene (SERM-selective estrogen receptor modulator)

Front 406

Increased anion gap usually means?

Back 406

Excess volatile acids (aspirin, ketoacids, etc)

Front 407

Infection at increased risk when type I diabetic enters ketoacidosis

Back 407

Mucomycosis (Mucor Circinelloides)

Front 408

Inferior border of epiploic foramen

Back 408

Part one of duodenum

Front 409

Inferior extent of lung at mid-axillary line

Back 409

8th rib

Front 410

Inferior extent of lung at mid-clavicular line

Back 410

6th rib

Front 411

Inferior extent of lung posteriorly

Back 411

10th rib

Front 412

Inferior extent of pleura at mid-axillary line

Back 412

10th rib

Front 413

Inferior extent of pleura at mid-clavicular line

Back 413

8th rib

Front 414

Inferior extent of pleura posteriorly

Back 414

12th rib

Front 415

Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation

Back 415

Isoflurane

Front 416

Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis

Back 416

Halothane

Front 417

Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient

Back 417

Nitrous oxide

Front 418

Inhaled anesthetic, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration

Back 418

Nitrous oxide

Front 419

Inhaled anesthetics are myocardial depressants

Back 419

Enflurane and halothane

Front 420

Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents

Back 420

Halothane and methoxyflurane

Front 421

Inheitence of Lesch-Nyhan

Back 421

X-linked

Front 422

Inheritance pattern of MODY

Back 422

Autosomal dominant

Front 423

Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) *

Back 423

ACE inhibitors

Front 424

Inhibit synaptic activity of primary afferents and spinal cord pain transmission neurons

Back 424

Ascending pathways

Front 425

Inhibits conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone therefore inhibiting corticosteroid synthesis

Back 425

Aminoglutethimide

Front 426

Initial DMARD of choice for patients with RA

Back 426

Methotrexate

Front 427

Initial thyroid enlargement and hyperfunction followed by progressive atrophy. Dx?

Back 427

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

Front 428

Innermost layer of cornea, underlies endothelium

Back 428

Descemet's membrane

Front 429

Innervation of costal pleura

Back 429

Intercostal nerve

Front 430

Innervation of mediastinal pleura

Back 430

Phrenic nerve

Front 431

Interact with microtubules (but unlike vinca which prevent disassembly of tubules), it stabilizes tubulin and cells remain frozen in metaphase

Back 431

**Paclitaxel (taxol)

Front 432

Interaction with this drug requires dose reduction of 6-MP

Back 432

** Allopurinol

Front 433

Interferes with activity of T-lymphocytes

Back 433

Hydroxychloroquine

Front 434

Intermediate acting glucocorticoids

Back 434

Prednisone, methylprednisolone, prednisolone, and triamcinolone

Front 435

Invasion pattern of parathyroid carcinoma

Back 435

Usually Local invasion only

Front 436

Inversely related to potency of anesthetics

Back 436

Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)

Front 437

Is fibrous dysplasia more often monostotic or polystotic?

Back 437

Monostotic (70%)

Front 438

Is renin release stimulated by beta 1 or 2?

Back 438

Beta 1

Front 439

IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic

Back 439

Thiopental

Front 440

IV Drug used Hypertensive Crisis

Back 440

Nitroprusside

Front 441

IV hypertensive emergency drug that acts through G-protein receptors

Back 441

Fenoldopam

Front 442

Joint disease with pannus formation

Back 442

Rhematoid arthritis

Front 443

Joint stiffness in morning: RA or osteoarthritis?

Back 443

Osteoarthritis

Front 444

Key features of maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis

Back 444

Progressive oliguria, increasing BUN, salt/water overload

Front 445

Key features of recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis

Back 445

Stead increase in urine output (can be very high), hypokalemia

Front 446

Kidney problems + positive C-ANCA?

Back 446

Wegener's granulomatosis

Front 447

Kidneys appearance in SLE nephritis

Back 447

Bilateral symmetric involvement, shrunken, finely granular

Front 448

Kidneys are shrunken, unequal with deep, irregular surface scars. Likely Dx?

Back 448

Chronic pyelonephritis

Front 449

KOH prep of scales from the scalp and plucked hairs from cutaneous mycoses may reveal?

Back 449

hyphae and spores

Front 450

Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, sweating, weakness, gooseflesh, nausea, and vomiting, tremor, muscle jerks, and hyperpnea are signs of this syndrome

Back 450

Opioid Abstinence syndrome

Front 451

Layer of fat under renal fascia

Back 451

Perinephric

Front 452

LDL goals in diabetic

Back 452

< 100

Front 453

Lesions in MEN IIA

Back 453

Thyroid medullary carcinoma, pheochromocytoma (40-50%) parathyroid hyperplasia/adenoma (10-20%)

Front 454

Lethal in utero variant of osteogenesis imperfecta and the gene effected

Back 454

Type II; COL1A1

Front 455

Level where arch of aorta is continuous with descending aorta

Back 455

TV4-5

Front 456

Level where ascending aorta is continuous with arch of aorta

Back 456

TV4-5

Front 457

Ligament that contains portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

Back 457

Hepatoduodenal (lesser omentum)

Front 458

Ligand causing differentiation of macrophages into oscteoclasts

Back 458

RANKL

Front 459

Likely cause of eosinophil in urine

Back 459

Drug induced interstitial nephritis

Front 460

Likely cause of unexpected death in ADPKD

Back 460

Ruptured berry aneurysm (present in 10-30%)

Front 461

Likely dx for high prolactin + hypernatremia

Back 461

Craniopharyngioma

Front 462

Likely dx for painless hematuria in older adult

Back 462

Renal neoplasm

Front 463

Likely dx in patient with HTN, bilaterally small kidneys, and no significant history of symptoms

Back 463

Chronic glomerulonephritis - can develop insiduously w/o preceding acute episodes

Front 464

Local anesthetic causing methemoglobinemia

Back 464

Prilocaine

Front 465

Local anesthetic with vasoconstrictive property, favored for head, neck, and pharyngeal surgery

Back 465

Cocaine

Front 466

Location of adrenal gland

Back 466

Sella turcica

Front 467

Location of initial pain of appendicitis

Back 467

Umbilical region

Front 468

Location of most tubular injuly in ischemic ATN

Back 468

Straight portion of proximal tubule + medullary thick ascending limb

Front 469

Location of organ of Zuckerkandl and tumor that arises from it

Back 469

Aortic bifurcation; Pheochromocytoma

Front 470

Long acting glucocorticoids

Back 470

Betamethasone and dexamethasone

Front 471

Long acting insulin *

Back 471

Ultralente (humulin U)

Front 472

Long acting sympathomimetic, sometimes used to improve urinary continence in children and elderly with enuresis

Back 472

Ephedrine

Front 473

Longer acting Beta 2 agonist is recommended for prophylaxis of asthma

Back 473

Salmeterol

Front 474

Longer acting local anesthetics which are less dependent on vasoconstrictors

Back 474

Tetracaine and bupivacaine

Front 475

Loops lose and thiazide diuretics retain *

Back 475

Calcium

Front 476

Losartan and valsartan block *

Back 476

Angiotensin receptor

Front 477

Lyme disease: big joints or small joints?

Back 477

Big joints

Front 478

Lymphatic drainage of kidney

Back 478

Lumbar nodes at renal artery origin

Front 479

Main component of cholymicrons

Back 479

Triglycerides

Front 480

Main effect on urine when significant number of nephrons are lost

Back 480

Decreased concentrating ability

Front 481

Main location of HCO3 absorption and H+ secretion

Back 481

Proximal tubule

Front 482

Main nuclei where ADH is formed

Back 482

Supraoptic

Front 483

Main serum abnormalities in maintenance phase of ATN

Back 483

Progressive BUN and creatinine increase, hyperkalemia, acidosis

Front 484

Main serum abnormalities in recovery phase of ATN

Back 484

BUN and creatinine progress toward normal, hypokalemia

Front 485

Main serum abnormality in initiation phase of ATN

Back 485

BUN and creatinine increased

Front 486

Major antiphagocytic virulence factor of drug-resistant organism that causes osteomyelitis is

Back 486

protein A

Front 487

Major neutrophil-damaging virulence factor of drug- resistant organism that causes osteomyelitis is

Back 487

Penton-Valentine leukocydin

Front 488

Major SE of bisphosphonates

Back 488

Chemical esophagitis

Front 489

Major SE of insulin

Back 489

Hypoglycemia

Front 490

Major structures of bed of stomach

Back 490

Pancreas, spleen, left kidney and suprarenal gland, diaphragm

Front 491

Make up of a Dupuytren contraction lesion

Back 491

Fibroblasts surrounded by dense collagen

Front 492

Management choice of tabes dorsalis (10-20yrs), iritis, uveitis, or Argyll-Robertson pupils in a pregnant woman w/ pen allergy; RPR(+) is

Back 492

Desensitization

Front 493

Mast cells to reduce release of hisamine and inflammatory mediators

Back 493

Epinephrine

Front 494

Material for an enchondroma

Back 494

Hyaline cartilage

Front 495

Maximum amount of filtered sodium absorbed in DCT

Back 495

10% (even with max aldosterone)

Front 496

May protect against doxorubicin toxicity by scavenging free radicals

Back 496

* Dexrazoxane

Front 497

mecA (SCC) genes which encode PBP2a, w/ low affinity for β-lactams; confers resistance in Staphylococcus aureus against what?

Back 497

Nafcillin

Front 498

Mechanism by which osteoprotegerin decrease bone resorption

Back 498

Acts as a decoy receptor for RANKL, thereby decreasing osteocyte production

Front 499

Mechanism by which Vit D increases calcium absorption in the gut

Back 499

Increases production of calcium binding protein in intestinal epithelium

Front 500

Mechanism of action of a po DOC of vulvovaginal candidiasis is

Back 500

blocks C14α-lanosterol demethylase

Front 501

Mechanism of cataract formation in diabetics

Back 501

Sorbital accumulation and subsequent osmotic damage

Front 502

Mechanism of disorientation in SIADH?

Back 502

Osmotic shift of water into brain cells

Front 503

Mechanism of increased atherosclerosis in diabetics

Back 503

Glycosylation of vascular walls

Front 504

Mechanism of muscle weakness in SIADH

Back 504

Hyponatremia

Front 505

Mechanism of neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy

Back 505

Microcirculation problems --> Ischemia --> VEGF --> Neovascularization

Front 506

Mechanism of neuropathy in diabetics

Back 506

Sorbitol accumulation causes osmolar damage

Front 507

Medullar sponge kidney: usually unilateral or bilateral?

Back 507

Bilateral in 70%

Front 508

Meglitinide class of drugs

Back 508

Repaglinide

Front 509

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: more likely adult or child?

Back 509

Adult

Front 510

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis: more likely nephritic or nephrotic?

Back 510

Nephritic

Front 511

Membranous glomeruonephritis: more likely nephritic or nephrotic?

Back 511

Nephrotic

Front 512

MEN syndrome with the "three P's." Name them

Back 512

MEN type I. Pancreas, Pituitary, Parathyroid

Front 513

MEN with Marfanoid appearance

Back 513

MEN 2B

Front 514

Metaplastic calcification form over a soft-tissue injury, decreases in size over time. Dx?

Back 514

Myositis ossificans

Front 515

Metastasis potential of desmoid tumor

Back 515

NONE. It is not a true neoplasm

Front 516

Method of feedback of ADH secretion

Back 516

Stretch and baro receptors

Front 517

Methyldopa is contraindicated in*

Back 517

Geriatrics due to its CNS (depression) effects

Front 518

MHC Class II alleles seen with type 1 diabetes

Back 518

HLA-DR3 and DR4

Front 519

Microbial (structure) factor favoring bacterial persistence /colonization and UTI is

Back 519

bacterial binding via fimbriae

Front 520

Microscopic appearance of craniopharyngioma

Back 520

Squamous elements + debris containing cholesterol crystals (primitive tooth structures)

Front 521

Microscopic appearance of synovial sarcoma

Back 521

Biphasic pattern of spindle cells and epithelial cell, forming glands

Front 522

Microscopic pattern of Wilms tumor

Back 522

Nephroblastoma (resembles fetal kidney nephrogenic zone)

Front 523

Microtubule inhibitor that causes peripheral neuropathy, foot drop (eg. ataxia), and "pins and needles" sensation

Back 523

Vincristine

Front 524

Mineralocorticoids

Back 524

Fludrocortisone and deoxycorticosterone

Front 525

Minimum number of colonies to diagnose UTI instead of just contamination

Back 525

10^5

Front 526

MOA of AGI's (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors)

Back 526

Act on intestine, delay digestion and absorption of glucose formed from digestion of starch and disacchrides

Front 527

MOA of amphetamines and tyramine

Back 527

Displace stored catecholamines

Front 528

MOA of Bisphosphonates

Back 528

Inhibits osteoclast bone resorption

Front 529

MOA of both generations

Back 529

Insulin release from pancreas by modifying K+ channels

Front 530

MOA of cinaclet

Back 530

Activates calcium-sensing receptor in parathyroid cells to decrease PTH synthesis

Front 531

MOA of cisplatin

Back 531

Alkylating agent

Front 532

MOA of general anesthetics

Back 532

Most are thought to act at GABA-A receptor - chloride channel

Front 533

MOA of Leflunomide (newer agent)

Back 533

Inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which leads to decreased pyrimidine synthesis, decreased T cell proliferation and decreased antibody production by B cells

Front 534

MOA of local anesthetics (LA's)

Back 534

Block voltage-dependent sodium channels

Front 535

MOA of Loop Diuretics

Back 535

Inhibits Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport

Front 536

MOA of metformin

Back 536

Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal glucose absorption; increase insulin sensitivity

Front 537

MOA of nateglinide

Back 537

Insulin secretagogue - closes ATP sensitive K+ channel

Front 538

MOA of NSAIDS

Back 538

inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase (cox)

Front 539

MOA of paclitaxel and docetaxel

Back 539

Stabilize microtubules, preventing their separation during mitosis

Front 540

MOA of probenecid

Back 540

Competes for weak acid transporter in proximal tubule

Front 541

MOA of quinolones

Back 541

Inhibit DNA gyrase

Front 542

MOA of repaglinide

Back 542

Insulin release from pancreas; faster and shorter acting than sulfonylurea

Front 543

MOA of sodium polystyrene sulfonate

Back 543

Binds to potassium in intenstines and decreases absorption

Front 544

MOA of sulfonamides

Back 544

Inhibit dihydropteroate synthase

Front 545

MOA of thiazide diuretics

Back 545

Inhibit Na+/Cl- cotransport

Front 546

MOA of thiazolindinediones

Back 546

Stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor to regulate CHO and lipid metabolism

Front 547

Mode of acquisition of uropathogen is

Back 547

Endogenous

Front 548

Moderate opioid agonists

Back 548

Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone

Front 549

Molecule who is cyclized to make ring structure of cholesterol

Back 549

Squalene

Front 550

More at risk for Sheehan syndrome: anterior or posterior pituatary?

Back 550

Anterior

Front 551

More potent: cipro or levofloxacin?

Back 551

Levofloxacin (especially in gram +)

Front 552

Most common benign bone tumor

Back 552

Osteochondroma

Front 553

Most common cause of Addison disease (assume NOT a TB-rich country)

Back 553

Autoimmune adrenalitis

Front 554

Most common cause of cutaneous mycoses

Back 554

Trichophyton spp.

Front 555

Most common cause of mucopurulent endocervical exudate (Gram stain non revealing) in a woman w multiple sex partners

Back 555

Chlamydia trachomatis D-K

Front 556

Most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

Back 556

Focal segmental glomerusclerosis

Front 557

Most common cause of primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism

Back 557

Primary - parathyroid adenoma; Secondary - renal failure

Front 558

Most common cause of SIADH

Back 558

Paraneoplastic, most often small cell carcinoma of the lung

Front 559

Most common causes (not the organism, the cause) of UTI in women

Back 559

Pregnancy, sex

Front 560

Most common enzyme deficient in adrenogenital syndrome

Back 560

21-hydroxylase

Front 561

Most common location of neuroblastoma

Back 561

Retroperitoneum - Adrenal glands or nearby ganglia

Front 562

Most common pineal tumor in children and adults

Back 562

Children - pineoblastoma, Adults - pineocytoma

Front 563

Most common renal cystic disease in fetus, infant

Back 563

Multicystic renal dysplasia (multicystic dysplastic kidney)

Front 564

Most common renal neoplasm in children

Back 564

Wilms tumor

Front 565

Most common sarcoma in adulthood and its location

Back 565

Liposarcomas. Seen in deep soft tissues (such as under a muscle

Front 566

Most common side for indirect inguinal hernia

Back 566

Right

Front 567

Most common Thyroid malignancy

Back 567

Papillary

Front 568

Most common type of hernia

Back 568

Indirect inguinal

Front 569

Most common type of post-irradiation soft-tissue sarcoma

Back 569

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma

Front 570

Most commonly abused opiods in health care professionals

Back 570

Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, meperidine and fentanyl

Front 571

Most effect way to prevent osteoporosis

Back 571

Exercise to put stress on bones before age 30

Front 572

Most external layer of retina

Back 572

Retinal pigmented epithelium

Front 573

Most frequent cause of chronic pyelonephritis

Back 573

Reflux nephropathy

Front 574

Most frequent complication of gonococcal (GC) infection in men

Back 574

Epididymitis

Front 575

Most frequent presentation symptom of empty sella

Back 575

Hyperprolactinemia

Front 576

Most H+ is secreted in exchange for?

Back 576

Bicarbonate

Front 577

Most important potential SE of metformin

Back 577

Lactic acidosis

Front 578

Most important toxic effects of most local anesthetics

Back 578

CNS toxicity

Front 579

Most inferior portion of peritoneal cavity in females

Back 579

Rectouterine pouch

Front 580

Most inhaled anesthetics SE

Back 580

Decrease arterial blood pressure

Front 581

Most likely causative organism of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Back 581

Neisseria Meningiditis

Front 582

Most likely cause of fever/chills/ night sweats, localizing pain/tenderness or swelling/erythema (lab: ↑ESR, ↑CRP; ↑WBC w/ left shift. Radiology: periosteal elevation.) is

Back 582

Staphylococcus aureus (Osteomyelitis)

Front 583

Most likely cause of foot process fusion in minimal change disease

Back 583

Injury to visceral epithelium by T cell derived cytokines

Front 584

Most likely dx for solitary cold nodule in younger person

Back 584

Cancer, most likely follicular adenoma

Front 585

Most medullary carcinomas (80%) are sporadic, name two other times they are seen

Back 585

MEN IIA or IIB

Front 586

Most often presenting age range for clear cell carcinoma

Back 586

60's or 70's

Front 587

Most patients with goiter: hypo, hyper, or euthyroid

Back 587

Euthyroid

Front 588

Motor innervation of diaphragm

Back 588

Phrenic

Front 589

Mucormycosis is at increased risk when diabetics enter:

Back 589

Ketoacidosis

Front 590

Mutation associated with papillary variant of renal cell carcinoma

Back 590

MET gene (chromosome 7)

Front 591

Mutation in AIRE gene causes:

Back 591

Autoimmune polyendocrinopahty

Front 592

Mutation in MODY2

Back 592

Inactivation mutation in glucokinase

Front 593

Mutation in MODY3

Back 593

Hepatocyte nuclear factor alpha-1

Front 594

Mutation seen in "toxic" follicular adenoma

Back 594

Activation of TSH receptor pathway

Front 595

Mutations seen in 30% of papillary thyroid carcinomas; What family are these genes in?

Back 595

RET or NTRK1; Receptor tyrosine kinases

Front 596

Na excretion rate in Conn's, compared to normal

Back 596

Transient decrease, but returns to normal at steady state

Front 597

Name a recently discovered type I diabetes polymorphism

Back 597

CTLA4

Front 598

Name a recently discovered type II diabetes polymorphism

Back 598

TCF7L2

Front 599

Name an ADH antagonist

Back 599

Conivaptan

Front 600

Name for an adrenal cortical adenoma secreting aldosterone

Back 600

Conn syndrome

Front 601

Name for bilateral adrenocortical hemorrhage following Neisseria Meningitidis infection

Back 601

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Front 602

Name for calcification in necrotic tissues

Back 602

Dystrophic calcification

Front 603

Name for vitamin D deficiency bone disease in adults

Back 603

Osteomalacia

Front 604

Name four things that can shift potassium into cells

Back 604

Insulin, Aldosterone, beta-adrenergic stimulation, alkalosis

Front 605

Name some drugs which can cause drug-induced interstitial nephritis

Back 605

Sulfonamides, penicillins, cephalosporins, floroquiniolones, anti-TB drugs, thizides, loop diuretics, H2 blockers, NSAIDS, and others

Front 606

Name the four seronegative spondyloarthropathies

Back 606

Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter syndrome, psoriatic arhtirits, enteropathic arhritis

Front 607

Name the three phases of acute tubular necrosis

Back 607

Initiation (1 day), maintenance, recovery

Front 608

Name the two distinctive vascular lesions of malignant HTN

Back 608

Necrotizing arteriolitis, hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

Front 609

Name two plant alkaloid chemotherapeutics

Back 609

Vinblastine, Vincristine

Front 610

Names of three bisphosphonates available IV

Back 610

Pamidronate, zoledronate, ibandronate

Front 611

Neck irradiation predisposes to what thyroid cancer?

Back 611

Papillary carcinoma

Front 612

Necrolytic migrating erythema (a skin rash) is found with what endocrine tumor?

Back 612

Glucagonoma

Front 613

Necrotizing papillitis with paillary necrosis is a complicaiton of?

Back 613

Acute pyelonephritis

Front 614

Neoplasm present in nearly all MEN 2A and 2B

Back 614

Thyroid medullary carcinoma

Front 615

Nephropathy occuring with AIDS resembles?

Back 615

Focal segmental glomerusclerosis

Front 616

Newborn with retroperitoneal mass + HTN. Likely Dx?

Back 616

Neuroblastoma

Front 617

Newer alpha 2 agonist (apraclonidine and brimonidine) treat glaucoma by acting to

Back 617

Reduce aqueous secretion

Front 618

Newer estrogen receptor antagonist used in advanced breast cancer

Back 618

Toremifene (Fareston)

Front 619

Newer NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2

Back 619

Celecoxib

Front 620

Next step to identify viral cause of ASCUS on pap smear w/ and further management in a woman of age > 29 years is

Back 620

Colposcopy > HPV DNA in bpsy

Front 621

Nitroprusside vasodilates

Back 621

Arteries and veins

Front 622

Nitrosoureas with high lipophilicity, used for brain tumors

Back 622

Carmustine (BCNU) and lomustine (CCNU)

Front 623

Non-endocrine drug which can be used to suppress steroid synthesis, can be used for adrenal cushings

Back 623

Ketoconazole

Front 624

Non-selective Alpha1blockers use to treat pheochromocytoma

Back 624

Phenoxybenzamine

Front 625

Non-selective Beta-blocker also used for migraine prophylaxis

Back 625

Propranolol

Front 626

Normal commensal of skin, GI & GU tracts; endogenous overgrowth of budding yeast, capable of >10 diseases. TOW?

Back 626

Candida albicans

Front 627

Normal FEV1/FVC ratio

Back 627

About 80%

Front 628

Normal mechanism of GH feedback inhibition

Back 628

GH --> Tissues produce somatomedin C --> Cause hypothalamus to produce somatostatin

Front 629

NPH insulin is administered by?

Back 629

Mouth

Front 630

NSAID also available as an ophthalmic preparation

Back 630

Diclofenac, ketoralac

Front 631

NSAID available orally, IM and ophthalmically

Back 631

Ketoralac

Front 632

NSAID that is used for acute condition, such as pre-op anesthesia and has limited duration (<5 days) of use due to nephrotoxicity

Back 632

Ketoralac

Front 633

Occurance rate of metastasis TO the thyroid

Back 633

Rare

Front 634

Oncogene mutated in MEN 2A and B

Back 634

RET

Front 635

Only anti-HTN med associated with hemolytic anemia

Back 635

Methyldopa

Front 636

ONLY irreversible COX inhibitor

Back 636

Aspirin

Front 637

Only way to differentiate between follicular adenoma vs carcinoma of thyroid

Back 637

Invasion or metastasis = carcinoma

Front 638

Opioid agents used as antidiarrheal

Back 638

Diphenoxylate, Loperamide

Front 639

Opioid agents used as antitussive

Back 639

Dextromethorphan, Codeine

Front 640

Opioid antagonist that is given IV and had short DOA

Back 640

Naloxone

Front 641

Opioid antagonist that is given orally in alcohol dependency programs

Back 641

Naltrexone

Front 642

Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia

Back 642

Fentanyl

Front 643

Opioid available trans-dermally

Back 643

Fentanyl

Front 644

Opioid that can be given PO, by epidural, and IV, which helps to relieve the dyspnea of pulmonary edema

Back 644

Morphine

Front 645

Opioid used in the management of withdrawal states

Back 645

Methadone

Front 646

Opioids used in anesthesia

Back 646

Morphine and fentanyl

Front 647

Opportunistic organism that TMP-SMX is effective against

Back 647

Toxoplasma

Front 648

Oral DOC of cutaneous mycoses

Back 648

itraconazole

Front 649

Organ located between left and right thalamic pulvinar regions, inferior to copus callosum and superior to collicular plate

Back 649

Pineal gland

Front 650

Organ supplied by both SMA and IMA

Back 650

Transverse colon

Front 651

Organism causing gummatous necrosis of large joints

Back 651

Treponema pallidum

Front 652

Organs related to spleen

Back 652

Stomach, colon, left kidney, tail fo pancreas

Front 653

Organs supplied by both celiac and SMA

Back 653

Duodenum, pancreas

Front 654

Origin of cystic artery

Back 654

Right hepatic artery

Front 655

Osmotic diuretic used to treat increased intracranial pressure*

Back 655

Mannitol

Front 656

Osteitis fibrosa cystica is a complicaiton of ?

Back 656

Hyperparathyroidism

Front 657

Osteoid production by an invasive tumor. Dx?

Back 657

Osteosrcoma

Front 658

Other epidemiologically linked or risk-associated causes of cellulitis are:
Clue1: cat/dog bite. What?
Clue2: Salt water exposure. What?
Clue3: Fresh water exposure. What?
Clue4: Neutropenia. What?
Clue5: Human bite. What?

Back 658

Pasteurella multocida / Capnocytophaga canimorous
Vibrio vulnificus
Aeromonas hydrophila
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Eikenella corrodens

Front 659

Other organ possibly involved in autosomal-recessive PKD

Back 659

Liver

Front 660

Other than bacteria, that only class of organisms TMP-SMX has some activity against

Back 660

Protozoa

Front 661

Out of follicular and papillar carcinoma of thyroid, which is more likely to metastasis to lymph nodes and which to distant sites

Back 661

Follicular = distant sites, Papillary = lymph nodes

Front 662

Outermost and innermost layer of Bruch's membrane?

Back 662

Choriocapillary layer and pigmented retinal epithelium

Front 663

Oval fat bodies: nephritic or nephrotic?

Back 663

Nephrotic syndrome

Front 664

Paget's disease: more common in men or women?

Back 664

Men

Front 665

Pancreas has fibrous stroma with scattered normal islets. Dx?

Back 665

Chronic pancreatitis

Front 666

Pancreatic tumor that can secrete several various hormones

Back 666

Islet cell tumor

Front 667

Papillary necrosis can occur with long term use of?

Back 667

Analgesics

Front 668

Part of bone Ewing sarcomas are found in

Back 668

Diaphyseal

Front 669

Partial opioid agonist, considered a strong analgesic, has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal

Back 669

Buprenorphine

Front 670

Pathology of bacterial vagisnosis is overgrowth (in vagina) of anaerobic Mobiluncus species and

Back 670

Gardnerella vaginalis

Front 671

Patient with genital herpes does not respond to acyclovir because pt is infected with

Back 671

thymidine kinase deficient HSV

Front 672

pDiabetes type with Pancreatic amyloid deposition = ?

Back 672

Type 2 diabetes

Front 673

Pelvicaliceal dilation =

Back 673

Hydronephrosis

Front 674

Period of time of therapy after which GC therapy will need to be tapered

Back 674

5-7 days

Front 675

Phase of symphylis with possible joint involvement

Back 675

Tertiary

Front 676

Phenylephrine MOA

Back 676

Alpha 1 agonist

Front 677

Phenylisopropylamines that are used legitimately and abused for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and weight reduction

Back 677

Amphetamines

Front 678

Physiologic dead space: inadequate ventilation or perfusion?

Back 678

Ventilation

Front 679

Places PKHD1 is expressed

Back 679

Kidney, liver, pancreas

Front 680

Pneumonic for 3 zones of adrenal cortex

Back 680

GFR

Front 681

Pneumonic for beta receptors

Back 681

You have 1 heart (Beta 1) and 2 lungs (Beta 2)

Front 682

Positive serolody for cyclic-citrullinated peptides (CCP) can be seen in what joint disease?

Back 682

Rhematoid arthritis

Front 683

Possible EKG abnormality with floroquinolones. Why?

Back 683

Prlonged QTc; blockage of potassium current

Front 684

Posterior border of epiploic foramen

Back 684

IVC

Front 685

Postinfectious glomerulonephritis: worse outcome in kids or adults?

Back 685

Adults. 1 in 6 progress to chronic failure, kids almost all recover

Front 686

Potassium sparing diuretics inhibit *

Back 686

Na+/K+ exchange

Front 687

Predictor of future nephropathy in type 1 diabetic

Back 687

Microalbuminuria

Front 688

Presence of WBC casts means?

Back 688

Infection has gotten to kidney

Front 689

Presenting symptom of nodule in adrenal medulla

Back 689

HTN

Front 690

Presynaptic Alpha 2 agonist used in HTN, and acts centrally

Back 690

Clonidine, and methyldopa

Front 691

Prevention of cyclophosphamide induced hemorrhagic cystitis

Back 691

Hydration and mercaptoethanesulfonate (MESNA)

Front 692

Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension

Back 692

Propofol

Front 693

Produces disulfiram-like reaction with ethanol

Back 693

Procarbazine

Front 694

Product of C cells (aka parafollicular)

Back 694

Calcitonin

Front 695

Product of HMG-CoA reductase

Back 695

Mevalonate

Front 696

Product of proinsulin cleavage used to assess insulin abuse

Back 696

* C-peptide

Front 697

Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia

Back 697

Nitrous oxide

Front 698

Protein produced by marrow stromal cells to activate osteoprotegrin (OPG) production

Back 698

WNT

Front 699

Proteins that prevent action of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)

Back 699

Adalimumab, infliximab and etanercept

Front 700

Pseudocysts in the pancreas are a complication of?

Back 700

Pancreatitis

Front 701

Pt has urinary urgency, frequency, dysuria; lab: pyuria (+) or nitrite (+). TOW?

Back 701

Cystitis due to E. coli

Front 702

Pt hospitalized > 72 h for comorbidity has urinary frequency, dysuria and foul-smelling urine; w/ flank pain, fever and chills, in the presence of a urinary catheter: Clue: GNR; fermenter; encapsulated; intrinsic ampicillin resistance)

Back 702

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Front 703

Pt hospitalized > 72 h for comorbidity has urinary frequency, dysuria and foul-smelling urine; w/ flank pain, fever and chills, in the presence of a urinary catheter: Clue: GNR; non fermenter; oxidase+, blue pigment; intrinsic drug resistance)

Back 703

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Front 704

Pt hospitalized > 72 h for comorbidity has urinary frequency, dysuria and foul-smelling urine; w/ flank pain, fever and chills, in the presence of a urinary catheter: Clue: GNR; slow fermenter; red pigment; intrinsic drug resistance)

Back 704

Serretia marcescens

Front 705

Pt hospitalized > 72 h for comorbidity has urinary frequency, dysuria and foul-smelling urine; w/ flank pain, fever and chills, in the presence of a urinary catheter: Clue: GNR; swarming growth [very motile]; slow fermenter; intrinsic drug resistance)

Back 705

Proteus mirabilis

Front 706

Pt hospitalized > 72 h for comorbidity has urinary frequency, dysuria and foul-smelling urine; w/ flank pain, fever and chills, in the presence of a urinary catheter: Clue: GPC in chains; catalase-neg; grows in high salt; penicillin resistance)

Back 706

Enterococcus faecalis

Front 707

Pulmonary vessel providing the most resistant in healthy vs diseased individual

Back 707

Healthy: large bronchi, Diseased: bronchioles

Front 708

Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm

Back 708

Desflurane

Front 709

Pyogenic inflammation in complicated UTI due to Gram- negative bacteria is due to

Back 709

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Front 710

Pyrimidine analog that causes "Thymine-less death" given with leucovorin rescue

Back 710

5-flouracil (5-FU)

Front 711

Range of BP's in which GFR autoregulation is still intact

Back 711

80-180

Front 712

Rank osteogenesis imperfecta I, II, and III from most severe to least

Back 712

II (perinatal lethal), III, I

Front 713

Rapid acting, crystalline zinc insulin used to reverse acute hyperglycemia

Back 713

Regular (Humulin R)

Front 714

Rare, but highly aggressive thyroid cancer. Very unlikely to be confined

Back 714

Anaplastic carcinoma

Front 715

Rash and decreased urine output after strep infection. Likely cause?

Back 715

Antibiotic sensitive (poststrep glomerulonephritis does not likely cause a rash)

Front 716

Rationale for aspirated small objects to go to right primary bronchus

Back 716

Wider diameter, shorter and more vertical

Front 717

RBC casts: nephritic or nephrotic?

Back 717

Nephritic

Front 718

Reactive fibroplastic proliferation seen in upper extremities of young adults

Back 718

Nodular fasciitis

Front 719

Reason adult with postinfectious glomerularnephritis may have no infection hx

Back 719

Infectious was too mild to notice

Front 720

Reason bisphosphonate users are instructed to drink water and remain upright following a dose

Back 720

Reduce risk of erosive esophagitis

Front 721

Reason caffeine potentiates glucagon response

Back 721

Inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase - thus cAMP levels are increased

Front 722

Reason colchicine is bad for acute gout

Back 722

Doses needed for acute tx cause severe diarrhea (doses for chronic tx okay)

Front 723

Reason fluoroquinolones are contraindicated in children and pregnancy

Back 723

Cartilage damage

Front 724

Reason for hirsutism in Cushing's

Back 724

Increase DHEA

Front 725

Reason for hyperglycemia in MODY

Back 725

Reduced insulin secreition in response to glucose

Front 726

Reason for name minimal change disease

Back 726

Kidney looks normal by light microscopy

Front 727

Reason insulin release is impaired in MODY

Back 727

Due to glucokinase mutation, requires extra glucose to produce ATP required for insuline release

Front 728

Reason norepinephrine lowers HR when given as a drug

Back 728

Alpha agonist affects increase BP and cause vagal reflex bradycardia

Front 729

Reason NSAID's decrease GFR

Back 729

Less prostaglandins = less afferent vasodilation

Front 730

Reason secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in ADPKD

Back 730

Kidney funciton down --> PO4 up, Vit D down --> Calcium down --> PTH up

Front 731

Reason synovial sarcomas are found in deep soft tissues as well as joints

Back 731

They arise from mesenchymal cell, NOT synovium

Front 732

Reason T4 is slightly elevated in pregnancy

Back 732

Increased binding globulin decreases free T4 which activates TSH. More total T4 must be present to restore normal free amount

Front 733

Reason that excessive Na intake can contribute to hypokalemia

Back 733

High collecting tubular flow rate causes K secretion

Front 734

Reason troglitazone was withdrawn from market

Back 734

Hepatic toxicity

Front 735

Receptors activated by norepinephrine

Back 735

Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1

Front 736

Recurrent hematuria after a viral illness in child/young adult = ?

Back 736

IgA nephropathy

Front 737

Recurrent large joint pain + lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and endothelial proliferation

Back 737

Lyme disease

Front 738

Recurrent UTI with urea-splitting organisms (i.e. Proteus) can lead to formation of which stone?

Back 738

Staghorn (Magnesium ammonium phosphate)

Front 739

Regimen used for breast cancer

Back 739

CMF (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) and tamoxifen if ER+

Front 740

Regimen used for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Back 740

CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) plus rituximab

Front 741

Relationship between pulmonary volume and airway resistance

Back 741

Inverse

Front 742

Relative amount of islets left when Type 1 DM becomes clinically evident

Back 742

Pretty much none

Front 743

Relative size of cysts in multicystic renal dysplasia

Back 743

Variable

Front 744

Remnant of umbilical vein

Back 744

Round ligament of the liver

Front 745

Renal cell carcinoma: adults or children

Back 745

Adults

Front 746

Renal complication in rheumatoid arthritis

Back 746

NONE

Front 747

Renal manifestation of chronic hypercalcemia (as with malignancy)

Back 747

Initial loss of concentrating ability followed by progressive loss of function

Front 748

Renal manifestation of Wegener granulomatosis

Back 748

Rapidly progressive (crescentic) glomerulonephritis

Front 749

Resistance method for sulfonamide

Back 749

Increased PABA production

Front 750

Retinal layer where rod and cone cell bodies are found

Back 750

Outer nuclear layer

Front 751

Rhabdomyosarcoma: more in adults or children?

Back 751

Children

Front 752

Rib paralleled by horizontal fissure of right lung

Back 752

4th

Front 753

Ribs directly related to spleen

Back 753

Ribs 9-11 (left)

Front 754

Schistosomiasis is a risk factor for which bladder cancer?

Back 754

Squamous cell

Front 755

Scooped out appearance in expiratory flow curve = ?

Back 755

Obstructive disease

Front 756

SE of ACE inhibitors *

Back 756

Dry cough, hyperkalemia

Front 757

SE of acetaminophen

Back 757

Hepatotoxicity

Front 758

SE of acetazolamide

Back 758

Paresthesias, alkalization of the urine
(which may ppt. Ca salts), hypokalemia,
acidosis, and encephalopathy in patients
with hepatic impairment

Front 759

SE of AGI's (alpha-glucosidase inhibitors)

Back 759

Flatulence (do not use beano to tx), diarrhea, abdominal cramps

Front 760

SE of alpha blockers*

Back 760

Orthostatic hypotension (especially with first dose) and reflex tachycardia

Front 761

SE of beta blockers*

Back 761

Bradycardia, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION, decrease in HDL, and increase in Triglycerols (TG)

Front 762

SE of CCB *

Back 762

Constipation, edema, and headache

Front 763

SE of clonidine

Back 763

Rebound HTN, sedation, dry mouth

Front 764

SE of hydralazine *

Back 764

Lupus-like syndrome

Front 765

SE of hydroxychloroquine

Back 765

Retinal destruction and dermatitis

Front 766

SE of loop (furosemide) diuretics*

Back 766

Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and ototoxicity

Front 767

SE of methyldopa

Back 767

Positive Coomb's test, depression

Front 768

SE of minoxidil

Back 768

Hypertrichosis

Front 769

SE of penicillamine

Back 769

Aplastic anemia and renal toxicity

Front 770

SE of salicylates

Back 770

Tinnitus, GI bleeding

Front 771

SE of spironolactone*

Back 771

Gynecomastia hyperkalemia, and impotence

Front 772

SE of these drugs include dependence, withdrawal syndrome, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression nausea and vomiting, constipation, biliary spasm, increased ureteral and bladder tone, and reduction in uterine tone

Back 772

Opioid Analgesics

Front 773

SE of thiazide (HCTZ) diuretics*

Back 773

Hyperuricemia, hypokalemia and hyperglycemia

Front 774

SE of Thiazolindinediones

Back 774

Edema, mild anemia; interaction with drugs that undergo CYP3A4 metabolism

Front 775

Second generation sulfonylurea

Back 775

Glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, etc.

Front 776

Sensory innervation of diaphragm

Back 776

Phrenic + intercostal

Front 777

Sepsis + organ failure, decreased perfusion (lactic acidosis, oliguria, altered mental status) or low BP. TOW?

Back 777

Severe sepsis

Front 778

Septic shock due to Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., or Pseudomonas aeruginosa) is

Back 778

Endotoxic shock

Front 779

SERM used for postmenopausal osteoporosis

Back 779

Raloxifene

Front 780

Serum immune factor likely positive in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JIA)

Back 780

ANA

Front 781

Serum test very important to do post thyroidectomy

Back 781

Calcium (to check for hypoparathyroidism)

Front 782

Severe infection with this virus in immunocompromised individuls can diminish adrenal function

Back 782

CMV

Front 783

Severe sepsis + hypotension despite fluids + lactic acidosis, oliguria, altered mental status.

Back 783

Septic shock

Front 784

Shape of Borrelial Brugdorferi

Back 784

Spirochete

Front 785

Shape of neisseria gonorrhoeae

Back 785

Cocci

Front 786

Shape of pseudogout crystals

Back 786

Rectangular/rhomboid

Front 787

Shock due to septicemia or myocardial infarction is made worse by

Back 787

Increasing afterload and tissue perfusion declines

Front 788

Short acting Beta 2 agonists that is drug of choice in treatment of acute asthma but not recommended for prophylaxis

Back 788

Albuterol

Front 789

Short acting glucocorticoids

Back 789

Cortisone and hydrocortisone (equivalent to cortisol)

Front 790

Side effect of Mitomycin

Back 790

SEVERE myelosuppression

Front 791

Side of kidneys paranephric fat is on, and its relationship to renal fascia

Back 791

Posterior; superficial

Front 792

Significant UTI is confirmed by semiquantitative MSU culture based on the threshold of

Back 792

> 1,000 cfu/mL

Front 793

Since GH fluctuates thorought the day, this is a better serum marker

Back 793

IGF-1

Front 794

SIRS + infection (e.g., positive blood culture) is

Back 794

sepsis

Front 795

Site of action of loop diuretics *

Back 795

Thick ascending limb

Front 796

Site of action of thiazide diuretics *

Back 796

Work at early distal convoluted tubule

Front 797

SLE: Nephritic or nephrotic syndrome?

Back 797

Nephritic

Front 798

Small cysts in dilated collecting ducts = ?

Back 798

Medullary sponge disease

Front 799

Sodium serum levels and excretion in Conn's syndrome

Back 799

Initially increased, then HTN allowed for increased excretion. At steady state both are NORMAL

Front 800

Sole factor (assuming precursor availability) controlling rate of Vitamin D conversion in kidney

Back 800

PTH

Front 801

Somatomedin C and somatostatin levels in early acromegaly

Back 801

Both increased

Front 802

Some cell cycle non-specific drugs

Back 802

Alkylating agents (eg., mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide), antibiotics (doxorubicin, daunorubicin), cisplatin, nitrosourea

Front 803

Some cell cycle specific anti-cancer drugs

Back 803

Bleomycin, vinca alkaloids, antimetabolites (eg., 5-FU, 6-MP, methotrexate, etoposide)

Front 804

Some side effects of corticosteroids

Back 804

Osteopenia, impaired wound healing, inc. risk of infection, inc. appetite, HTN, edema, PUD, euphoria, psychosis, stria, thinning of skin

Front 805

Spinal levels of phrenic nerve

Back 805

C3-5

Front 806

Spinal levels to muscles of anterior abdominal wall

Back 806

T7-L1

Front 807

State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide

Back 807

Neuroleptanesthesia

Front 808

Steroid responsive proteinuria in a child

Back 808

Minimal change disease

Front 809

Strong opioid agonists

Back 809

Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl

Front 810

Strong sign that PUD may be cause by Zollinger-Ellison

Back 810

Disease is intractable - H2 blockers will not heal the ulcers

Front 811

Structure immediately anterior to right renal artery near midline

Back 811

IVC

Front 812

Structure that forms deep inguinal ring

Back 812

Transversalis fascia

Front 813

Structure that forms floor of inguinal canal

Back 813

Inguinal ligament

Front 814

Structure that forms superficial inguinal ring

Back 814

Aponeurosis of external oblique

Front 815

Structure that lies between protrusion sites of direct and indirect inguinal hernias

Back 815

Inferior epigastric vessels

Front 816

Structure that lies immediately posterior to manubrium

Back 816

Thymus

Front 817

Structure that limits spread of ascitic fluid inferiorly from right infracolic compartment

Back 817

Root of the mesentery

Front 818

Structure that limits spread of ascitic fluid superiorly from left paracolic gutter

Back 818

Phrenicocolic ligament

Front 819

Structure that separates right and left lobes of liver

Back 819

Falciform ligament

Front 820

Structure that traverses diaphragm with aorta

Back 820

Thoracic duct

Front 821

Structures supplied by celiac artery

Back 821

Stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas

Front 822

Structures that form conjoint tendon

Back 822

Internal oblique and transversus abdominis

Front 823

Structures that traverse diaphragm with esophagus

Back 823

Vagal trunks

Front 824

Structures that traverses diaphragm through crura

Back 824

Greater, lesser, and least splanchnic nerves

Front 825

Substrate of COX

Back 825

Arachidonic acid

Front 826

Sulfonamides: bacteriostatic or bacterocidal?

Back 826

Static

Front 827

Sulfonylurea NOT recommended for elderly because of very long half life

Back 827

Chlorpropamide

Front 828

Superior border of epiploic foramen

Back 828

Caudate lobe of liver

Front 829

Superior extent of right paracolic gutter

Back 829

Hepatorenal recess

Front 830

Sympathetic agent which stimulates heart rate and can dilate vessels in skeletal muscle at low doses

Back 830

Epinephrine

Front 831

Sympathomimetics which acts indirectly (act on catecholamines already present)

Back 831

Amphetamines, tyramine

Front 832

Symptoms (other than galactorrhea) seen with prolactinoma

Back 832

Decreased libido, amenorrhea, infertility

Front 833

Symptoms of vasoactive intestinal polypepite tumor (VIPomas)

Back 833

Marked diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria (low HCl in gastric secretions)

Front 834

T(X;18) translocaiton = ?

Back 834

Synovial sarcoma

Front 835

Tendonitis or tendon rupture can occur with this antibiotic

Back 835

ciprofloxacin

Front 836

Term used when sclerosis of many glomeruli is present with no clear cause

Back 836

Chronic glomerulonephritis

Front 837

Termination of left ovarian/testicular vein

Back 837

Left renal vein

Front 838

Termination of right ovarian/testicular vein

Back 838

IVC

Front 839

The abx class that inhibits DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV and blocks with bacterial DNA replication is

Back 839

Fluoroquinolones

Front 840

The selective agents loose their selectivity at

Back 840

high doses

Front 841

These agents decrease blood flow or increase blood pressure, are local decongestants, and used in therapy of spinal shock (temporary maintenance of blood pressure which may help maintain perfusion

Back 841

Alpha1 agonists

Front 842

These agents increase cardiac output and may be beneficial in treatment of acute heart failure and some types of shock

Back 842

Beta1 agonists

Front 843

These Local Anesthetics's have surface activity

Back 843

Cocaine and benzocaine

Front 844

Thiazolidinediones

Back 844

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone, Troglitazone (withdrawn/d from market)

Front 845

This agent may cause more severe, rapid and intense symptoms to a recovering opioid addict

Back 845

Naloxone

Front 846

This condition can be described as a "developmental arrest" of bone formation

Back 846

Fibrous dysplasia

Front 847

This drug is used to inhibit bone resorption and comes in a nasal spray

Back 847

Salmon calcitonin

Front 848

This is the drug of choice for anaphylactic shock

Back 848

Epinephrine

Front 849

This may antagonize activity of local anesthetics

Back 849

Hypercalcemia

Front 850

This may enhance activity of local anesthetics

Back 850

Hyperkalemia

Front 851

This opioid route is associated with rapid tolerance and psychologic dependence

Back 851

IV administration

Front 852

This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increases intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery

Back 852

Ketamine

Front 853

This stone is large and projects into calyces

Back 853

Staghorn (Magnesium ammonium phosphate)

Front 854

Three common locations of Paget's fractures

Back 854

Pelvis, skull, femur

Front 855

Three cytokines that increase RANKL activity post-menopausal osteoporosis

Back 855

IL1, IL6, TNF

Front 856

Three distinguishing features of the large intestine

Back 856

Tenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendages

Front 857

Three likely metastasis site of follicular thyroid carcinoma

Back 857

Bone, lung, liver

Front 858

Three phases of Paget disease

Back 858

Lytic phase, Mixed phase (sclerosis + lysis), Burnt-our phase (sclerosis only

Front 859

Three things than can be screened in urine for pheochromocytoma

Back 859

Free catecholamines, metanephrine, vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

Front 860

Thyroid cancer that can be multifocal

Back 860

Medullary carcinoma

Front 861

Thyroid cancer that tends to invade locally before having lymph node or distant metastasis

Back 861

Medullary carcinoma

Front 862

Thyroid cancer with cervical node metastasis. Likely Dx?

Back 862

Papillary carcinoma

Front 863

Thyroid cancer with PAX8-PPAR gamma fusion gene

Back 863

Follicular carcinoma

Front 864

Thyroid cancer with RET mutation

Back 864

Papillary and medullary carcinomas

Front 865

Thyroiditis: typically involves part of gland or whole?

Back 865

Whole gland

Front 866

Thyrotropin is another name for?

Back 866

TSH

Front 867

Time from infection (acquisition) to acute seroconversion detected by HIV serology (ELISA/ WBlot) is

Back 867

6-12 weeks.

Front 868

Time from tick bite to lyme arthritis

Back 868

2-3 years

Front 869

Timing and source of S3 heart sound

Back 869

Middle third of diastole, caused by oscillation of blood between walls of ventricles

Front 870

Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except

Back 870

Miosis and constipation

Front 871

Topical DOC of cutaneous mycoses

Back 871

terbinafine

Front 872

Toxic effect of anticancer drug can be lessened by rescue agents

Back 872

Rescue therapy

Front 873

Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, leading to a severe interaction with aminoglycosides

Back 873

Cisplatin

Front 874

Toxicity caused by nitroprusside and treatment

Back 874

Cyanide toxicity treated with sodium thiosulfate

Front 875

Toxicity of TMP-SMX

Back 875

Stevens-Johnson, myelosuppresion, mydriasis, agranulocytosis, liver damage

Front 876

Trace the path and forms of vitamin D

Back 876

7-dehydrocholester activated in skin --> D3 --> Liver --> 25-hydroxycholecalciferol --> Kidney --> 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Front 877

Transitional cell carcinoma: adult or child

Back 877

Adults

Front 878

Translocation for Ewing sarcoma and PNET

Back 878

T(11;22)

Front 879

Treatment for opioid addiction

Back 879

Methadone, followed by slow dose reduction

Front 880

Treatment with cancer chemotherapy at high doses every 3-4 weeks, too toxic to be used continuously

Back 880

Pulse therapy

Front 881

Tropicamide is in what drug class?

Back 881

Antimuscarinic

Front 882

True or false: Aspirin is effective against inflammation

Back 882

TRUE

Front 883

Tubular epithelium foam cell are charcteristic of:

Back 883

Alport

Front 884

Tumor arising in 5-10% of bones affected by Paget's disease

Back 884

Osteosarcoma

Front 885

Tumor closely related to Ewing sarcoma

Back 885

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). Same tumor just slightly more differentiated

Front 886

Tumor like projection of bone capped by cartilage found at a long bone metaphyseal region. Dx?

Back 886

Osteochondroma

Front 887

Tumor supressor gene mutated in many osteosarcomas

Back 887

RB

Front 888

Two factors seen on sliding scale for insulin dose

Back 888

Blood glucose and patient's weight

Front 889

Two infection that can cause membranous glomerulopathy

Back 889

Hepatitis, malaria (note 85% is still idiopathic)

Front 890

Two initial substrates that lead to uric acid production

Back 890

GMP and AMP

Front 891

Two likely locations for leiomyosarcoma

Back 891

Uterus or GI tract

Front 892

Two markers signifying a tumor is of neuro-endocrine origin

Back 892

Chromogranin, neuron-specific enolase

Front 893

Two modifiable risk factors for gout

Back 893

Alcohol and obesity

Front 894

Two most common malignant bone tumors for children

Back 894

Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma

Front 895

Two most common mutations in parathyroid tumors

Back 895

#1: Cyclin D1, #2: MEN1

Front 896

Two most likely causes of papillary necrosis

Back 896

Diabetic or analgesic nephropathy

Front 897

Two structures that lie posterior to SMA near its origin

Back 897

Left renal vein, duodenum

Front 898

Tx for severe hypercalcemia

Back 898

Furosemide + Saline

Front 899

Type II diabetics are at risk for developing what liver complication

Back 899

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Front 900

Type of antibody in goodpastures

Back 900

IgG

Front 901

Type of casts seen in multiple myeloma

Back 901

Amorphous blue-to-pink casts

Front 902

Type of glomerular lesions in SLE

Back 902

Diffuse proliferative (more common) or crescentic (less common) glomerulonephritis

Front 903

Type of hernia that enters deep inguinal ring

Back 903

Indirect inguinal

Front 904

Type of hernia that protrudes through Hesselbach’s triangle

Back 904

Direct inguinal

Front 905

Type of hernia that traverses both deep and superficial rings

Back 905

Indirect inguinal

Front 906

Type of hypersensitivity with drug-induced interstitial nephritis

Back 906

Both type I (increased IgE) and type IV (skin test positivity)

Front 907

Type of necrosis occuring in renal infarction

Back 907

Coagulative

Front 908

Type of tissue and most common locations for ganglion cysts

Back 908

Connective tissue of joint capsule or tendon sheath; Extensor surfaces or wrist, hand, feet

Front 909

Types of hormones not stored to any appreciable extend in their producing glands

Back 909

Steroids

Front 910

Types of nerve fibers transmitting pain

Back 910

A-delta and C fibers

Front 911

Typical causative organisms in malacoplakia

Back 911

E. Coli and Proteus

Front 912

Typical cause of hyaline arteriolosclerosis in kidneys

Back 912

Benign hypertension

Front 913

Typical patient for empty sella

Back 913

Obese woman

Front 914

Typical presenting age and symptoms of medullary sponge disease

Back 914

30's or 40's, can be stones (more than 50%), infections, or recurrent hematuria

Front 915

UA findings with renal TB

Back 915

Sterile pyuria

Front 916

Ultra long acting insulin, has over a day duration of action

Back 916

Glargine (Lantus), detemir

Front 917

Unique feature of glucagon's stimulation of the heart

Back 917

Bypasses adrenoceptors

Front 918

Urea concentration, compared to plasma, at the end of the PCT

Back 918

Higher (urea is absorbed, but even more water is as well)

Front 919

Urethritis is treated with ceftriaxone + azythromycin because

Back 919

Concurrent GC + Chlamydia

Front 920

Urethritis organism that can trigger Reiter syndrome

Back 920

Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 921

Urine finding in multiple myeloma? Why is this tricky for test questions?

Back 921

Bence Jones proteinuria. This is NOT detected by standard dipsticks

Front 922

Urine flow rate in SIADH during steady state

Back 922

Normal (matches intake).

Front 923

Use of this opioid with MAOI can lead to hyperpyrexic coma, and with SSRI's can lead to serotonin syndrome

Back 923

Meperidine

Front 924

Used especially in postmenopausal women, dosage should be 1500 mg

Back 924

Calcium

Front 925

Used for Addison's disease, Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), inflammation, allergies, and asthma (as a local inhalation)

Back 925

Glucocorticoids

Front 926

Used for Cushing's syndrome (increased corticosteroid)

Back 926

Dexamethasone suppression test

Front 927

Used for hairy cell leukemia ; it stimulates NK cells

Back 927

Interferon alpha

Front 928

Used for prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women

Back 928

Estrogen (HRT-Hormone replacement therapy)

Front 929

Used intranasally and decreases bone resorption

Back 929

Calcitonin (salmon prep)

Front 930

Usefullness of ketoconazole in Cushing's

Back 930

Reduces all steroid production

Front 931

Uses of bisphosphonates

Back 931

Osteoporosis, Paget's disease, and osteolytic bone lesions, and hypercalcemia from malignancy

Front 932

Usual age, location of craniopharyngioma

Back 932

Child or young adult, suprasellar region

Front 933

Usual body location of enchondromas

Back 933

Hands or feet

Front 934

Usual delay from use of drug to interstitial nephritis

Back 934

2 weeks

Front 935

Usual factor preceding de Quarvain thyroiditis

Back 935

Viral URI

Front 936

Usual inheritence of Alport

Back 936

X-linked (autosomal recessive, dominant patterns do exist)

Front 937

Usual serum calcium levels in hyperparathyroidism secondary to renal failure

Back 937

Normal (kidney failure tends to increase PO4/decrease Ca, so PTH balances out)

Front 938

Usually ages for osteosarcoma

Back 938

Under 20 or very old in some Paget's patients

Front 939

Variable basement membrane thickening is seen in?

Back 939

Alport

Front 940

Vascular effects of metformin

Back 940

Decreased micro and macro vascular disease

Front 941

Veins that unite to form portal vein

Back 941

Splenic and SMV

Front 942

Vertebral level associated with origin of celiac artery

Back 942

T12

Front 943

Vertebral level associated with origin of gonadal arteries

Back 943

L2

Front 944

Vertebral level associated with origin of IMA

Back 944

L3

Front 945

Vertebral level associated with origin of renal arteries

Back 945

L2

Front 946

Vertebral level associated with origin of SMA

Back 946

L1

Front 947

Vertebral level associated with sternal angle

Back 947

Disc between T4-5

Front 948

Vertebral level at inferior angle of scapula

Back 948

TV7

Front 949

Vertebral level for formation of IVC

Back 949

L5

Front 950

Vertebral level of aortic bifurcation

Back 950

L4

Front 951

Vertebral level of kidney hilum

Back 951

L1 or 2

Front 952

Vertebral level of kidneys

Back 952

T12-L3, right slightly lower

Front 953

Vertebral level of umbilicus

Back 953

Disc L3-4

Front 954

Vertebral level that aorta traverses diaphragm

Back 954

T12

Front 955

Vertebral level that esophagus traverses diaphragm

Back 955

T10

Front 956

Vertebral level that inferior vena cava traverses diaphrag

Back 956

T8

Front 957

Very rapid acting insulin, having fastest onset and shortest duration of action

Back 957

Lispro (Humalog), aspart, glulisine

Front 958

Vessel located posterior to head of pancreas

Back 958

IVC

Front 959

Vessel located posterior to neck of pancreas

Back 959

Portal vein

Front 960

VHL mutation can be seen in what endocrine tumor?

Back 960

Pheochromocytoma

Front 961

Visceral organ sometimes affected in gout and problems caused

Back 961

Kidney - can lead to stone formation, fibrosis, UTI, and even renal failure

Front 962

Vitamin (not D) whose deficiency can cause osteoporosis

Back 962

Vitamin C

Front 963

Vitamin D analog that can lower PTH and much less likely to precipitate hypercalcemia

Back 963

Paricalcitol

Front 964

Vitamin given with calcium to ensure proper absorption

Back 964

Vitamin D

Front 965

Ways to segregate high prolactin caused by craniopharyngioma versus prolactinoma

Back 965

Craniopharyngioma: suprasellar, destructive of surrounding structures, hypernatremia. These do NOT occur with prolactinoma

Front 966

WBC's seen in a tophus

Back 966

Macrophages, lymphocytes, giant cells

Front 967

Weak opioid agonist, poor analgesic, its overdose can cause severe toxicity including respiratory depression, circulatory collapse, pulmonary edema, and seizures

Back 967

Propoxyphene

Front 968

Wet prep of curdy discharge (no odor), adhering to vaginal walls, from a pregnant woman w/ recent UTI, who now has severe vaginal pruritis; vulvovaginal area - erythematous should reveal

Back 968

budding yeasts with pseudohyphae

Front 969

Wet prep of vaginal discharge from a pt w/ vaginal pruritis; ectocervical erythema ("strawberry cervix") should reveal

Back 969

motile tissue flagellate

Front 970

What are chondroblasts?

Back 970

Cartilage producing cells

Front 971

What are the SIX red rashes of childhood (acute, febrile exanthema illnesses)?
(Clue1: maculopapular rash; off-white lesions on buccal mucosa, MMRV vaccine prevents)
(Clue2: maculopapular rash starting on face moving to foot; MMRV prevents)
(Clue3: scarlatina rash post pharyngitis)
(Clue4: vesicular rash, moderate pain)
(Clue5: maculopapular “slapped face” appearance in a young child)
(Clue6: maculopapular rash and systemic Dz in immunocompromised pt)

Back 971

Measles
Rubella
Scarlet fever (GAS)
Chicken pox (VZV)
Parvovirus B19
HHV-6

Front 972

What causes granulomatous destruction of the adrenals?

Back 972

TB

Front 973

What do alpha cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 973

Glucagon

Front 974

What do beta cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 974

Insulin

Front 975

What do delta cells in the pancreas produce?

Back 975

Somatostatin

Front 976

What form of vitamin D should you give someone with kidney failure? Why?

Back 976

Calcitriol. This is an active form. Precursors can't be converted

Front 977

What happens to HIV-1 virus when acute retroviral syndrome progresses to clinical latency?

Back 977

Virus continues to replicate low level.

Front 978

What is a Charcot joint

Back 978

A joint that has been deformed by repeated trauma, seen with tertiary syphylis (gummatous necrosis)

Front 979

What is a xanthoma?

Back 979

Deposit of cholesterol into tendons

Front 980

What is an invoucrum? What condition is it seen with?

Back 980

A shell of new reactive bone around a sequestrum (dead bone). Seen in chronic osteomyelitis

Front 981

What is brown tumor of bone?

Back 981

The cystic lesion caused by hyperparathyroidism

Front 982

What is expiratory reserve volume? Give a formula

Back 982

Extra volume that can be exhaled at end of normal tidal expiration. ERV = FRC - RV

Front 983

What is exstrophy?

Back 983

Lower abdomen wall does not develop, bladder has open defect

Front 984

What is functional residual capacity?

Back 984

Volume at the end of normal expiration

Front 985

What is Plummer syndrome? Give its alternate name

Back 985

A hyperfunctioning nodule inside a goiter. AKA toxic multinodular goiter

Front 986

What is seen at the center of a rheumatoid nodule?

Back 986

Fibrinoid necrosis

Front 987

What is Sheehan syndrome? Why does it occur?

Back 987

Postpartum pituitary necrosis. Pituitary enlarges during pregnancy, but blood supply does not. Blood loss during childbirth causes infarction

Front 988

What is the "stalk section" effect?

Back 988

Seen with empty sella: herniation cuts off prolactin inhibition, but other anterior pituitary functions are normal

Front 989

What is the microbial factor that promotes degradation of C3b by binding to factor H, the serum β globulin factor

Back 989

M protein

Front 990

What is the toxin associated with staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome?

Back 990

TSST-1 (a superantigen)

Front 991

What is the toxin associated with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome?

Back 991

SpeA (superantigen)

Front 992

What is villonodular synovitis?

Back 992

A giant-cell tumor of tendon sheaths

Front 993

What time of day does cortisol peak?

Back 993

The morning

Front 994

When would someone increased risk of H. Influenzae or group B strep osteomyelitis?

Back 994

Neonatal

Front 995

Where are beta cells found in the pancreas?

Back 995

Islets of Langerhans

Front 996

Where is CRP produced?

Back 996

Liver

Front 997

Which renal vein is longer?

Back 997

Left

Front 998

Why is it unwise to use ibuprofen and aspiring together?

Back 998

Decreases total anti-inflammatory effect

Front 999

Worldwide rubella infection, with only human reservoirs known this infectious agent is a

Back 999

RNA togavirus

Front 1000

Worse hyperglycemia: MODY3 or MODY2

Back 1000

MODY3

Front 1001

Woven bone in the middle of benign-looking fibroblasts is characteristic of?

Back 1001

Fibrous dysplasia