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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Major salivary glands produce __ to __ saliva daily
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600mL to 1L
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Salivary gland that lacks mucous cells (mucins). Watery secretions.
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parotid
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Gland that contains serous acinar cells produce salivary amylase
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parotid gland
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Mucins are produced by ____ cells
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acinar mucous cells
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Enzyme found in milk, inhibits microorganism, functions in non-specific immunity role
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Lactoperoxidase
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Enzymes that hydrolyze bacteria outer membrane
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lysosymes
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Low MW proteins, amplify immune activity, coordinate antibody and T cell interaction
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cytokines
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Provide immune defense in form of antibodies
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secretory immunoglobulins
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Conversion of food into absorbable substances in the GI tract. Accomplished through mechanical and chemical breakdown.
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digestion
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Salivary enzyme that digests starches
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amylase
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Enzyme produced by tongue that catalyze breakdown of lipids
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lingual lipase
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glycoproteins, lubricate food, bind toxins and bacteria
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mucins
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Copious stimulation influenced primarily by ___ stimulation of the glands
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parasympathetic
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Sympathetic stimulation species dependent and originates from ___
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superior cervical ganglia
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Secondary factor of parasympathetic salivary stimulation is release of ___ to dilate blood vessels and increase nutrition
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bradykinin
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Watery part of blood, electrolytes, proteins, glucose, fats, bilirubin, gases, transport of nutrients and waste, exchange of fluids b/t capillaries and tissues
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plasma
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2 ways substances are transported from capillaries to cells
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diffusion or active transport
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Salivary concentration of __ higher than plamsa concentration
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potassium, (bicarb sometimes?)
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Water channel protein, 28 kDa
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aquaporin
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Lipid rafts composed of
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cholesterol and glycolipids
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Disorder of AQP5
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xerostomia (drymouth)
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Salivary amylase optimum at pH, but can function in range of __ to __
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7, 4-11
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produced by acinar cells in parotid and submandibular gland
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salivary amylase
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Salivary amylase stored in __ granules
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zymogen
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Salivary amylase release from granules stimulated by __, __, __
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acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine
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B adrenergic stimulation --> ____ --> ____ --> ____ --> amylase
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adenylate cyclase, cyclic AMP, protein kinase A
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M3R --> ___ --> ___ --> ___ -->____ --> amylase
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PIP2, PLCB, IP3, IP3R, Ca2+
(Cholinergic regulation) |
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Protein kinase G involved in which typ eof amylase secretion?
A. cholinergic B. adrenergic C. NO |
NO
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Why are there so many side effects with antimuscarinics to treat overactive bladder?
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non-specific drug inhibits all muscarinic receptors in body
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Major secretions of the stomach
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HCl, pepsins, electrolytes, bicarbonate, musuc, intrinsic factor
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glandular region that contains g cells that secrete gastrin
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pyloric
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Chief cells secrete
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pepsinogen
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essential for B12 absorption
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intrinsic factor
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cells that store and release histamine and what region
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enterochromaffin-like,
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intrinsic factor secreted by what glandular region?
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oxyntic
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As rate of secretion increases, sodium concentration __, potassium levels __, chloride levels __, H+ levels __
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decreases, increases slightly, increase slightly, increases
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unstimulated gastric secretion levels
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1-5 mEq/hr
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stimulated gastric secretions levels
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6-40 mEq/hr
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Gastric secretion varies because the number of __ cells vary among individuals
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parietal
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At high flow rates, gastric juice predominantly contains
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H+ and Cl-
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In resting states, H,K-ATPase restricted to ___
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TVE's tubulovesicular elements
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In the stimulated state, the ___ protein complex mediates the translocation process of H, K-ATPase pump.
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SNARE
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Seconds messengers for H,K-ATPase pump
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calcium, cAMP, PKA
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pH of lumen of gastric gland
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1
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pH in the parietal cell
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7
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3 major stimulators of Hcl in parietal cells
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acetylcholine (muscarinic receptors), histamine (H2 receptor), gastrin (CCK2 receptor)
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histamine --> H2 --> __ --> ___ --> ___ --> HCl
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AC (adenylate cyclase) , cAMP, PKA (protein kinase A)
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CCK-2 receptor specific to __ cells
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ECL
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CCK-B receptors specific to __ cells
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parietal
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phase elicited before food reaches the stomach
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cephalic phase
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phase elicited by the presence of food in the stomach
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gastric phase
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phase elicited by mechanisms that originate in the duodenum and upper jejunum
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intestinal phase
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histamine synthesized from the amino acid __ and synthesis is catalyzed by __ __
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histidine, histidine carboxylase
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Histamine stored and released by __ cells
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enterochromaffin-like cells
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__ is released when gastrin binds to the CCK2 receptors. It then diffuses into ___ cells
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histamine, parietal
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Low pH in antrum of stomach inhibits HCl secretion by directly inibiting ___ cells and by evoking inhibititory __ reflexes
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parietal, neuronal
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3 things that cause neuronal inhibitory reflex of HCl secretion
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ditension, amino acids, peptides
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Low pH inhibits secretion from parietal cells by inhibiting release of ___ from _ cells
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gastrin, G
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GLP-1 and GLP-2 inhibit ___
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gastric acid secretion
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found in the islets of langerhans stimulate conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
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glucagon-like peptides
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group of proteases secreted by the chief cells of the gastric glands that digest proteins
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pepsin
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___ and ___ form the gastric mucosal barrier
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mucus, bicarbonate
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Protects the luminal surface of the stomach from HCl and pepsin
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gastric mucosal barrier
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___ stimulates the release of mucus in the gastric mucosal barrier
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acetylcholine
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Bicarbonate secreted by __ to form the gastric mucosal barrier
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surface epitheleal cells
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___ stimulates release of bicarbonate
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acetylcholine
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Gastric mucosal barrier is:
A. Acidic B. Alkaline |
B. Alkaline
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intrinsic factor secreted by the __ cells
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parietal
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Hormones that the pancreas secretes
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insulin, glucagon
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Cells arranged in grape-like clusters called acini secrete __ component of pancreatic juice
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enzyme
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Islets of langerhans secrete __, __, __, and __
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insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide
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Aqueous component of pancreatic juice secreted by __ cells.
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columnar epitheleal
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enzyme component of pancreatic juice secreted by __
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acinar cells
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Trypsinogen converted to trypsin by __ in intestine
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enterokinase
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catalyzes the breakdown of dietary proteins to peptones, peptides, and amino acids
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trypsin, chymotrypsin
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cleaves peptides from the N and C terminal
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carboxypeptidase
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__ can also bind to the G protein receptor to activate enzymatic secretion in pancrease
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CCK - cholecystokinin
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T/F As rate of pancreatic secretion increases, Sodium concentration remains the same
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T
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T/F As rate of pancreatic secretion increases, HCO3 concentration remains the same
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F (increases)
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T/F As rate of pancreatic secretion increases, Cl concentration remains the same
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F (decreases)
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T/F As rate of pancreatic secretion increases, K concentration remains the same
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T
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AQP_ localized in pancreatic cells
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8
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2 primary signal transduction pathways for pancreatic secretion
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IP3 --> Ca2+ --> AQP8
cAMP --> PKA --> bicarbonate |
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Acinar cell pancreatic secretion avtivators
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ACh, CCK, secretin
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Acinar cell pancreatic secretion inhibitor
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VIP, somatostatin
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AQP_ localized in hepatocytes
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8
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Most potent stimulus for emptying gall baldder is __
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CCK
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Bile acids are __ which allow them to for micelles in a solution
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amphipathic; both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
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Hydrophobic side of bile called ___. Faces inside and away from the water.
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micelle
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Primary bile acids synthesized by ___cytes from ___
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hepatocytes, cholesterol
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majority of circulating bile acids are conjugated with ___ or ___
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glycine, taurine
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Entrance of food into the stomach causes a (inc/red) in tone
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reduction
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the splenic fixture of the colon is located in the __ quadrant of the abdomen
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upper left
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A MMC would most likely occur during:
a. cephalic phase b. gastric phase c. intestinal phase d. fasting phase |
fasting phase
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The ___ closes when swallowing (blocks opening into trachea)
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epiglottis
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Pharyngoesophageal sphincter (UES) is under __ control (autonomic / conscious)
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conscious reflex
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Gastroesophageal sphincter (LES) is under __ control (autonomic / conscious)
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autonomic
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The middle section of the small intestine is the:
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jejunum
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Gastroesophageal sphincter also known as __ sphincter
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cardiac
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T/F The antrum is located in the pyloric region of the stomach
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True
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T/F The pyloric region of the stomach is thin walled
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False. It is thick walled for mixing and grinding
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The ___ omentum is a fat storage organ
A. greater B. lesser |
greater
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___ omentum has a function in inflammatory process
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greater seals off areas of inflammation
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double sheets of serous membrane, routes for nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
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mesentaries
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Last and longest segment of the small intestine
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ileum
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Where the small intestine joins the large intestine
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ileocecal sphincter
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Pouch at bottom of ascending colon
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cecum
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Ascending colon on __ side of body
Descending on __ side of body |
right
left |
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Internal sphincter is under __ control
A. voluntary B. involuntary |
involuntary
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External sphincter under __ control
A. voluntary B. involuntary |
voluntary
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Superior hemorrhoidal veins drain into the ___
Inferior hemorrhoidal veins drain into the __ |
hepatic portal vein
Inferior vena cava |
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mucosa connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, ducts, lymph nodes
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lamina propria
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Meissners plexus found on
a. mucosa b. submucosa c. muscularis d. serosa |
b. submucosa
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Myenteric or Auerbach's plexus found in
a. mucosa b. submucosa c. muscularis d. serosa |
c. muscularis externa
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Outermost connective tissue layer of GI tract
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adventitia
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T/F Auerbach's plexus is an example of extrinsic innervation
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False - intrinsic
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located in submucosa controls secretory activity and blood flow
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Meissner's plexus
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Regulates contraction and relaxation of GI smooth muscle
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Myenteric / Auerbach's plexus
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___ neurons monitor activities and __ communicate between plexi
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sensory, interneurons
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The basic electrical rhythm produces __ waves
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slow
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The ___ threshold must be reached to produce action potentials and number and frequency determines strength of contraction
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electrical threshold
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The law of the intestine is a __ reflex
a. intrinsic b. extrinsic |
intrinsic
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Ineffectual peristalsis, related to stress
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achalasia
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out-pocketing of wall
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diverticula of the esopohagus
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horizontal fold of mucosa projecting into the lumen
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esophageal webs
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Most common esophageal dysphagia
a. achalasia b. diverticula c. esophageal web d. carcinoma |
esophageal webs
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When your stomach is empty you have (reduced/increased) tone
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increased
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In an MMC, gastric contractions are initiated by __ cells
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pacemaker
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T/F The body of the stomach is thick walled and contracts vigorously
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false
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90% of hiatus hernias are:
a. sliding type b. paraesophageal type |
sliding type
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T/F Malena is a symptom of acute gastritis
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True
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Pernicious anemia is cause by
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atrophic gastritis
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T/F Acute stress ulcers are often caused by alcohol, salicylates, and staph endotoxin
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F, acute gastritis
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T/F Carcinoma is the most important type of gastric cancer
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T
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T/F Gastric cancer occurs frequently but is usually not lethal
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F (infrequent and unusually lethal)
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Malena occurs with __ GI bleeding
a. upper b. lower |
upper
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T/F There is a higher death resulting from of bleeding of peptic ulcers than perforation of peptic ulcers
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False, 65% die from performation
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T/F There is a higher occurrence of bleeding peptic ulcers than perforated peptic ulcers
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True
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Main cause for pyloric stenosis in adults
a. long-term gastritis b. peptic ulcer |
b. peptic ulcer
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Projectile vomiting number 1 symptom of:
a. peptic ulcer b. pyloric stenosis c. hiatus hernia d. atrophic gastritis |
pyloric stenosis (mailnly occurs in children)
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___ is released into the duodenum when pH falls below 3.5. __ is inhibited when pH falls below 3.5.
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secretin
gastrin |
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T/F Secretin enhances gastric emptying
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F (inhibits)
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Chyme is:
a. hypertonic b. hypotonic |
a. hypertonic
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Gastrin is released when concentrations of peptides & amino acids become (high/low)
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high
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Cholecystokining is released in response to (high/low) amino acid/peptide concentration
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high
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T/F The deodenum, jejunum, and ileum have the same rate of segmentation
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F
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T/F Diverticular disease is typically asymptomatic
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T
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Crohn's disease occurs most commonly in the
a. duodenum b. jejunum c. ileum |
terminal ileum
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Fecaliths are often associated with
a.crohn's disease b.diverticular disease c.appendicitis d. polyps |
appendicitis
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T/F Colon cancer is usually insidious
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T
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2nd most frequent cause of death frm cancer in US
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colon cancer
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T/F Villous adenoma is very common
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F
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T/F Pedunculated adenoma is extremely common
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T
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T/F Familial multiple polyposis of the colon is a recessive trait
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F (dominant)
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T/F The liver is the most common site for cholelithiasis
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F (gallbladder)
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T/F Cholelithiasis is 4x more common in females
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T
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The gallbladder empties into the:
a. common bile duct b. pancreatic duct c. cystic duct d. sphincter of oddi |
c. cystic duct (then common hepatic duct)
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Bands that run longitudinally the length of the colon. play a role in motility
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taenia coli
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T/F Hernias cause the majority of intestinal obstruction
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T (44%
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T/F Intussusception is more common in children
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T
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Twisting of the intestine
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volvulus
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Sphincter that inhibits colonic bacteria from entering small intestine
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ileosecal
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localized bands of contraction in cecum and proximal colon, serve to knead and mix
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haustration
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Reverse peristalsis occurs in the:
a. duodenum b. jejunum c. colon d. esophagus |
colon
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Bacteria- Causes ulceration of SI and systemic reticuloendothelial hyperplasia. Causes profuse diarrhea.
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typhoid fever (salmonella typhi)
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Bacteria - causes anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, weakness
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salmonella enteritidis
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T/F Cholera is non-invasive
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T
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T/F Amoebic Colitis is non-invasive
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F
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Most vulnerable tissues for amoebic colitis
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liver, lungs, brain
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Bacteria - most common following long-term use of antibiotics
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staphylococcal colitis
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hyperbilirubinemia characteristic of ___. Also called icterus.
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jaundice
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T/F Bilirubin gives fecal material its brown color
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True
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UV light breaks down __
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bilirubin
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Which form of hepatitis is a sexually transmitted disease?
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A, B, C
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T/F Primary liver cancer is rare
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T
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secondary to hepatitis B or C
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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T/F Metastatic (secondary) cancer is rare
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F (common)
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T/F Brunner's glands are found in the mucosal layer
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F (submucosa)
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Small intestine unicellular gland cell that secretes mucus
a.absorptive cells b.goblet cells c. brunner's glands |
goblet
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Small intestine enterocyte has prominent brush border
a.absorptive cells b.goblet cells c. brunner's glands |
absorptive cell
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submucosal glands that secrete liquid rich in bicarb
a.absorptive cells b.goblet cells c. brunner's glands |
brunner's glands
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T/F Chyme entering the duodenum is usually hypotonic
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F (hypertonic)
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Protozoan organism causes diarrhea. Often transmitted in daycare centers. Most frequently identified intestinal parasite. Increases intestinal motility.
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Giardia Lamblia
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Most common cause of diarrhea in the US. Self-limiting.
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campylobacter jejuni
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