Pbd Exam Three (Part One)

Front 1

What is recruitment

Back 1

Dilating the vessels that are part of ventilation

Front 2

What is decruitment

Back 2

Constricting vessels that do not ventilate

Front 3

What affects ventilation differences and perfusion differences?

Back 3

position, lung volume, ventilatory rate, perfusion rate, Oxygen content

Front 4

What is hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Back 4

Responsible for redirecting blood flow to where the concentration of oxygen is the best

Front 5

What does hypoxia mean?

Back 5

Lower than normal oxygen content

Front 6

What is mountain sickness?

Back 6

Based on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: less oxygen in the air due to altitude causes the right side of the heart to pump harder to try and get oxygen into the blood.

The heart then begins to fail.

Front 7

What is another term for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

Back 7

pressor response to hypoxia

Front 8

What is vasa vasorum

Back 8

supplies arteries or veins with nutrients. Diffusion is insufficient to supply arteries and veins with the nutrients required for their cells.

Front 9

What is a Thrombus

Back 9

a clot of blood formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its place of origin

Front 10

What is an Embolus

Back 10

an abnormal particle (such as an air bubble) circulating in the blood

Front 11

What is thrombophlebitis?

Back 11

inflammation of a vein with formation of a thrombus

Front 12

What is phlebothrombosis

Back 12

venous thrombosis accompanied by little or no inflammation

Front 13

What is pulmonary embolism?

Back 13

a blood clot lodged in the pulmonary circulation, often secondary to trauma or phlebothrombosis

Front 14

What is pulmonary vascular sclerosis

Back 14

vascular changes associated with pulmonary hypertension

Front 15

What is primary pulmonary vascular sclerosis

Back 15

(idiopathic) - produced by primary pulmonary hypertension

Front 16

What is secondary pulmonary vascular sclerosis

Back 16

produced by secondary pulmonary hypertension.

kyphoscoliosis, Pickwickian syndrome

Front 17

What is Raynaud's Syndrome

Back 17

a vascular disorder that is marked by recurrent spasm of the capillaries and especially those of the fingers and toes upon exposure to cold, that is characterized by pallor, cyanosis, and redness in succession usually accompanied by pain, and that in severe cases progresses to local gangrene

Front 18

What is cyanosis

Back 18

a bluish or purplish discoloration (as of skin) due to deficient oxygenation of the blood

Front 19

What is Cor pulmonale

Back 19

disease of the heart characterized by hypertrophy and dilatation of the right ventricle and secondary to disease of the lungs or their blood vessels

Secondary pulmonary vascular sclerosis

Front 20

What is a serous membrane

Back 20

secretes a water substance that has proteins mixed with it that acts as a very slick surface

Front 21

What membrane covers the lungs?

Back 21

Visceral pleura

Front 22

What is the parietal pleura

Back 22

covers the inner lining of the thoracic cavity (serous membrane)

Front 23

What two mechanisms increase the volume of the lungs?

Back 23

the upward/downward movement of diaphragm and elevation/depression of rib cage.

Front 24

What are the major inspiratory muscles?

Back 24

the diaphragm and the external intercostals

Front 25

What are the major expiratory muscles?

Back 25

internal intercostals and the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall (rectus abdominis, internal and exteral oblique muscles, and the transversus abdominis)

Front 26

What is the phrenic nerve

Back 26

a general motor and sensory nerve on each side of the body that arises chiefly from the fourth cervical nerve, passes down through the thorax to the diaphragm, and supplies or gives off branches supplying especially the pericardium, pleura, and diaphragm

Front 27

What occurs when the rectus abdominis is contracted?

Back 27

when contracted, it pushes the organs in, which forces the diaphragm up

Front 28

What is tidal volume?

Back 28

the volume inspired or expired with each normal breath (500 mL)

Front 29

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Back 29

Volume that can be inspired above the normal tidal volume (~3000 mL)

Front 30

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Back 30

Volume that can be forcefully expired after a normal tidal expiration (~1100 mL)

Front 31

What is residual volume?

Back 31

The volume remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration (~1200 mL)

Front 32

What is inspiratory capacity?

Back 32

Volume that can be inspired from FRC (~3500 mL)

Front 33

What is vital capacity?

Back 33

The maximum volume that can be expired following a maximum filling of the lungs (~4600 mL)

Front 34

What is total lung capacity?

Back 34

The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded (~5800 mL)

Front 35

What is Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Back 35

The volume of air in the lungs at equilibrium position (no active muscle contraction) where the inward elastic recoil forces of the lungs exactly equals the outward elastic recoils forces of the chest wall (~2300 mL)

Front 36

What is the pleural pressure for FRC

Back 36

~ 4 mmHg (actually 3.7 mmHg)

Front 37

What is the thoracic independent volume?

Back 37

The volume of the thoracic cavity without the lungs (70% of the total lung capacity ~4060 mL)

Front 38

What is minute respiratory volume

Back 38

The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory system each minute.

Tidal Volume times Respiratory Rate
(TV)x(R)

Front 39

What is minute alveolar ventilation

Back 39

Rate at which new air reaches the gas exchange ares of the lungs.

(TV-ADS)x(R)

ADS= ~150 mL

Front 40

What is atelectasis

Back 40

Acute Dyspnea:

Collapse or loss of air from the alveoli.

Front 41

What is absorption atelectasis

Back 41

collapse due to an obstruction

Front 42

What is compression atelectasis

Back 42

collapse due to pressure (such as a growing tumor)

Front 43

What is traumatic atelectasis

Back 43

A hole in the thoracic wall or airway that causes atmospheric pressure to equal out. If there is no difference in atmospheric pressure, the lung collapses.

Front 44

What is a pneumothorax

Back 44

the presence of air in the pleural space. three types: complicating, idiopathic, and traumatic.

Front 45

What is complicating pneumothorax

Back 45

Secondary to some other cause, a hole in the airway. Can be caused by traumatic atelectasis.

Front 46

What is idiopathic pneumothorax

Back 46

Air gets into the pleural space but there is no known reason why.

Front 47

What is traumatic pneumothorax

Back 47

air gets into the pleural space due to a traumatic event such as a stab or bullet wound.

Front 48

What is hydrothorax

Back 48

the presence of water in the pleural space. reasons are both complicating (secondary) and idiopathic

Front 49

What is compliance?

Back 49

The ease with which the lungs can be expanded (expansibility).

Expressed as the volume change in the lungs for each unit change in pleural pressure.

Front 50

What is the typical value for compliance?

Back 50

0.22 L/cmH2O

Front 51

What factors can decrease compliance?

Back 51

Increased left atrial pressure, pulmonary edema, alveolar fibrosis, airway obstruction

Front 52

What is hysteresis

Back 52

In terms of respiration:

The curves for inspiration and expiration differ. Lung volume at any given pressure during inhalation is less than the lung volume at any given pressure during exhalation.

Compliance values equal the slope of the curves.

Front 53

What factors would increase compliance?

Back 53

surfactant and emphysema

Front 54

What factors are responsible for the elastic recoil of the lungs?

Back 54

Tissue forces (elastin and collagen) and surface forces (intermolecular attraction within the liquid lining the alveolar walls)

Front 55

What generation is the trachea

Back 55

generation 0

Front 56

Primary bronchi

Back 56

generation 1 - Enter the lungs at hilus

Front 57

Lobar bronchi

Back 57

generation 2

Front 58

Segmental bronchi

Back 58

generation 3

Front 59

bronchioles

Back 59

generation 4 through 16

Front 60

terminal bronchioles

Back 60

generation 16

Front 61

conducting airways

Back 61

nose to terminal bronchioles (anatomical dead space)

Front 62

Respiratory bronchioles

Back 62

generation 17 through 19 - completely lined with alveoli (transitional zone)

Front 63

Alveolar ducts

Back 63

generations 20 through 22 - completely lined with alveoli

Front 64

Alveolar sacs

Back 64

generation 23 - groups of alveoli

Front 65

What regulates bronchomotor tone?

Back 65

The parasympathetic nervous system, stimulation causes constriction

Front 66

How do vagal fibers affect the lungs

Back 66

Vagal fibers activate nicotinic receptors in parasympathetic ganglia on and in the airway wall

Front 67

What stimulates the submucosal glands?

Back 67

the parasympathetic nervous system

Front 68

How does epinephrine and norepinephrine affect the lungs

Back 68

cause dilation of the airways (mainly from adrenal medullae, few sympathetic fibers)

Front 69

______ fibers release ACh and stimulates ______ on airway smooth muscle cells

Back 69

Short postganglionic fibers release ACh and stimulates M3-muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle cells

Front 70

What is the surfactant on the alveoli

Back 70

dipalmitoyl lecithin

Front 71

Type 1 pneumocytes

Back 71

squamous - Alveolar epithelium (oxygen diffuses through the type 1 pneumocytes)

Front 72

Type II pneumocytes

Back 72

cuboidal - more numerous - secrete surfactant

Front 73

What eliminates settling?

Back 73

digestion by phagocytosis

Front 74

What is edema

Back 74

accumulation of plasma in interstitial space.