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283 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The organ system is a circuited in _________
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parallel
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parallel systems require ________ pressure to drive the flow
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less pressure, more paths
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mean systemic arterial pressure?
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120/80 mmHg
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mean systemic capially pressure?
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7-25mmHg
venule - 7 arteriole - 25 |
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mean pulmonary arterial pressure?
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25/8 mmHG
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mean pulmonary venous pressure?
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1-5mmHg
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mean systemic venous pressure?
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2-7 mmHg
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arterioles are made up of ____ and ____ vascular smooth muscle and elastic fibers
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longitudinal and circular
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elastic arteries ___ and ____ as heart beats to accept blood
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stretch and recoil
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muscular arteries _____ blood
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distribute
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arterioles are made up of mostly ______
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circular VSM
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circular VSM functions to control ________ by constriction
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resistance
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veins and venules are almost all ___________ VSM, which results in the ability to stretch in order to hold volume
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longitudinal
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about 2/3 of circulating blood is in the _______ at any given time
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veins
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flow to tissues is proportional to the _________ and _______
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driving pressure and 1/resistance
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change in presssure is equal to?
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cardiac output* TPR
OR Pin-Pout Paorta - Pvenacava |
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how do you calculat cardiac output?
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heart rate*stroke volume*TPR
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T/F R~n/R^4
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TRUE
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series circuits result in ______ resistance overall
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higher
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compliance in veins is equal to?
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change in volume/change in pressure
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"to pump a volume of blood against arterial pressure", done by the heart
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CV work
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pressure receptors are located in the _____ and ______ arteries
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aorta and carotid
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flow is regulated at the tissue level by what 2 chemical mediators?
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O2 and CO2
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Poor flow/perfusion is indicated by:
a. change in color of skin or nails b. pain or fatigue c. poor organ function d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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volume is sensed in the _____ and _____
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atria and great veins
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volume is regulated via ______ and _______
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thirst (drinking) and renal excretion
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what makes the "lub" sound?
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mitral valve closure
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what makes the "dub" sound?
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aortic valve closure
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how do you calculate stroke volume?
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EDV-ESV
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how do you calculate ejection fraction?
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SV/EDV
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what causes the S1 sound?
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mitral valve closure
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what causes teh S2 sound?
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aortic valve closure
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T/F Opening sounds are usually heard
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FALSE
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T/F Normal flow does not produce a sound
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TRUE
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Sounds ___ and ____ and due to a flow of blood into a large heart
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S3 and S4
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stenosis is an incomplete _____ caused by a stiff valve
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opening
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insufficiency is defined as incomplete ____
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closing
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insufficiency results in increased ______ and/or volume in the heart resulting in increased work for the heart
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pressure
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what are the 4 valves?
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aortia, pulmonic, mitral, and tricuspid
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mitral valve prolapse is an ________
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insufficiency
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what is the most common valvular disases?
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mitral valve prolapse
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mitral regurgitation is due to a rupture of _________ or structural abnormality or damage to valve
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chordae tendinae
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T/F There is a holosystolic murmur heard with mitral regurgitation
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TRUE aka pansystolic murmur
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there is a loud S1 in ____
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mitral stenosis
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________ stenosis is caused by rigid valve due to fibrosis and/or calcification
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aortic stenosis
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T/F aortic stenosis produces a late systolic murmur
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TRUE
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T/F aortic regurgitation produces an early diastolic murmur
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TRUE
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"pacemarker"
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SA node
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conducts depolarization from SA node to left atrium
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bachmann bundle
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delays contraction so that the atria can fully contract before the ventricles
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AV node
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specialized conduction pathway, made of large, fast fibers that take the pathway from the AV into the ventricular spetum through fibrious ring
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bundle of his
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right and left fibers in septum
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bundle branches
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spreads impulses rapidly over right and left walls of the ventricles
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purkinje fibers
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what is the rate of the SA node?
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60-100/min - fastest
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rate of the AV node?
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50-60/min
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rate of purkinje fibers?
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30-40/min
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what is the resting voltage of the purkinje fibers?
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-90mV
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resting voltage of SA node?
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-50 to -60 mV
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cells within the striated cardiac muscle are couple via _____
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gap junctions
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cells outside the SA are latent pacemakers which generate ________ beats
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ectopic
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in phase 4 of SA node, positive slope is due to leaky movement of _____ ions into the cell leading to depolarization
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Na
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non-selective voltage gated Na channel which also allows Ca through
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If or funny channel
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phase 0 of SA node is ____ and occurs after threshold is reached
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depolarization
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phase 3 of SA node is _____ (K+ channel allows K+ to exit the cell)
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repolarization
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phase 0 of ventricular muscle is ______, which is due to very selective Na++ channels, entirely different from funny channels of SA node
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depolarization
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phase 1 of ventricular muscle is _________, due to KTO transiently open K+ channels
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very short repolarization phase
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phase 3 of ventricular muscle is ______, involving the delayed rectifier K+ channel
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repolarization
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depolarization can not occur during
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absolute refractory period
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depolarization can occur but is very difficult and abnormal
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relative refractory period
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T/F action potentials do not summate
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TRUE, would cause tetany
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85-90% of Ca is from _______
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intracellular SR
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Ca binds to ________ resulting in contraction
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troponin
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L-type Ca channels are found in high density of the ________ which are spatially coupled to the SR
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T-tubules
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increased permeability to Ca via the L-type Ca channel allows "trigger Ca" into the cell which acticates ________ receptors on the SR
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ryanodine receptors
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protein which inhibits the activity of SERCA when bound
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PLB - phospholamban
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Ca/ATP pump which pumps Ca back into SR against concentration gradient
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SERCA pump
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sympathetic activity _______ heart rate
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increases
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NE and E _______ heart rate
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increase
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parasympathetic activity _____ heart rate
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decreases
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acetylcholine _____ heart rate
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decreases
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P wave is ____
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atrial depolarization due to SA node firing
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QRS complex is...
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ventricular depolarization
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time between the P and QRS complex is determined by ______
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AV node delay
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T wave is...
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ventricular repolarization
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Blocks in AV node conduction are due to
a. beta-blockade b. vagal stimulation (excess) c. hypokalemia d. digitalis e. hypoxic or ischemic damage or scarring f. all of the above |
f. all of the above
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first degree AV node block is characterized by slow __ to ___ conduction
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A to V conduction (increased P to R interval)
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second degree AV node block is when the atria contract ____ than the ventricles
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faster
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during 3rd degree AV node block, ________ takes over as pacemaker for ventricles
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bundle of his
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irregular P waves
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atrial flutter
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increasingly irregular P waves
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atrial fibrillation
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very fast, irregular QRS (incompatible with life)
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ventricular fibrillation
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abnormal location takes over as pacemaker in the atria or ventricles
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ectopic foci
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stroke volume is affected by _____, which is majorly determined by venous return, and by strength of muscle contraction or contractility
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end diastolic volume
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the only kind of SV control seen after a heart transplant
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intrinsic
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ionotropic effects are changes in ____
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contractility
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B1 agonists that increase sympathetic input
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NE and E
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chronotrpoic effects are changes in ____
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rate
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B1 receptor activation results in ________ contraction and better relaxation
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stronger
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extrinsic control is volume _____
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independent
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intrinsic control is volume ______
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dependent
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aka heterotrophic autoregulation
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Frank-sterling mechanism
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diseases affecting ventricular myocardium
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cardiomyopathies
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most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy
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alcoholism
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T/F dilated cardiomyopathy results in decreased CO
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TRUE
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type of cardiomyopathy with rigidity of ventricular wall without change in chamber diameter or wall thickness (decreased compliance)
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restrictive cardiomyopathy
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type of cardiomyopathy that can result in RIGHT side heart failure
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restrictive
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type of cardiomyopathy that can result in LEFT side heart failure
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dilated
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cardiomyopathy characterized by thickening of myocardial tissue of wall with abnormal fiber architecture
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hypertrophic
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cardiomyopathy more common in men
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hypertrophic
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cardiomyopathy that produces S4 heart sound
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hypertrophic
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cardiomyopathy that prodces S3 heart sound
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dilated
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AT2 receptor blockers and ACE inhibitors
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inhibit hypertrophy
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aldosterone and cortisol
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keep heart from hypertrophy
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effect of alpha 1 receptors (sympathetic)
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constrict
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effect of beta receptors
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dilate
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effect of Ach receptors
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dilate
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effect of bradykinin
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dilate
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major 2 constricting hormones
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angiotensin II and vasopressin (aka ADH)
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locally produced endothelial products that constrict
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PGF2 alpha, thromboxane, endothelin
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effect of ANP
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dilate, oppose the action of angiotensin
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PGE2
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dilate
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prostacyclin
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dilate, opposite of thromboxane
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effect of nitrix oxide
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dilate
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effect of CO2, lactic acid, and other metabolites
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dilate
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effect of adenosine
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dilate
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T/F the tone of the vessels is determined by a mox/competition of constricting and dilating input
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true
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intrinsic control within the local tissue
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autoregulation
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most important way blood flow is regulated to the heart and CNS
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autoregulation
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brain flow is determined by arterial pressure and local ____
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resistance
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control of CV system
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1. set point 2. variable sensed 3. processing or integration in the brain 4. response
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afferent signals sense...
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PRESSURE, volume, O2, and CO2
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efferent signals change...
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resistance, rate, and SV (by sym/parasym and hormones)
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aka stretch receptors, located in carotid sinus and aortic arteries
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baroreceptors
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stretch receptors at junction of great veins and atria
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atrial receptors
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type A atrial receptors fire with ______ contraction
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atrial
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type B atrial receptors fire with increases in _______--
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venous return "volume receptors"
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receptors that respond to changes in O2 and Co2, and help increase flow when aortic, carotid, or brain levels of Co2 rise of O2 falls
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central and peripheral chemoreceptors
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receptors located in hypothalamus, cause AVP release and thirst
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osmoreceptors
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mean arterial pressure is calculated by...
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CP * TPR
or(SV*HR)*TPR |
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inflammatory disease of the vessel wall
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atherosclerosis
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stage 1 of atherosclerosis
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fatty streak
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stage 2 of atherosclerosis
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fibrous plaque
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stage 3 of atherosclerosis
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complicated lesion
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vessel anatomy from lumen outward
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1. endothelial layer 2. intima 3. tunica media 4. adventitia
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aka vascular smooth muscle
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tunica media
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progressive stenosis and obstruction of flow due to severe atheroslcerotic plaques
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atheriosclerosis olbiterans
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bruits are commonly seen (actually heard) in what condition?
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atheriosclerosis olbiterans
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vein clot formation due to inflammation
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thrombophlebitis
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mobile clot that leads to occlusion of flow
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thromboemolism
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nerve pain associated with edema
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neuralgia
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local dilation of vessel wall or heart chamber
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aneurysm
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pooling of blood in vein causing distension
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varicose veins
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group of diseases characterized by inflammation of the vessel wall due to an unclear immune/autoimmune response
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vasculitis
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inflammation, obstruction of arteries supplying flow to extremities
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Buerger' disease
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secondary to pulmonary hypertension, scleroderma, myedema, or long-term exposure to cold or segmental vibrations
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raynaud's phenomenon
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vasospasm induced by cold or emotional stress
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raynaud's disease
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narrowinf of aorta before or after ductus arteriosus
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coarctation of the aorta
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___% of cases are post ductal coarctions
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98%
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when BP of lower body is less than that of upper body
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hypoperfusion of lower body
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reduced renal perfusion is measured by increased levels of plasma ______
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creatine
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foramen ovale connects ...
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right and left atria
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ductus arteriosus connects ....
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pulmonary artery and aorta
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blood movement is from _____ to ___ in fetus
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right to left heart
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T/F both ventricles in the fetus are pumping yo the systemic circuit
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TRUE
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T/F shunts usually close shortly after birth
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TRUE
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in normal neonate shunt is __ to ___
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left to right
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open shunt from aorta to pulmonary artery in newborn
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patent ductus arteriosus
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treatment for PDA?
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PGHS inhibitors or surgery
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diseases of cardiac muscle function secondary to poor perfusion
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myocardial ischemia and infarct
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narrowing or occlusion of arteries, decreasing blood supply
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coronary artery disease
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insufficient flow to support tissue metabolism
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myocardial ischemia
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death of deprived tissue caused by persistent ischemia
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myocardial infarct
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progression from ischemia to infarct
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depletion of O2, convert to anaerobic metabolism, accumulation of acid, loss of K+, Ca and MG compromise contractions, leading to decreased SV and cardiac output
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necrosis resulting from irreversible cellular hypoxia
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infarct
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pain starting in the cjest and radiating into the left shoulder and arm
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angina pectoralis
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70% occlusion, only present with exercise
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stable angina
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90% occulsion, present at rest
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unstable angina
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type of angina common in diabetics
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silent angina
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aka sweating
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diaphoresis
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long term loss of pumping ability
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heart failure
|
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2 layered sac that contains the heart and roots of the great vessels
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pericardium
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inflammation of the pericardium
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pericarditis
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drugs used for pericarditis
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procainamide and hydralazine
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space
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pericardial effusion
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accumulation of fluid that compresses the heart and limits CO
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cardiac tamponade
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inhaled NO is used for severe cases of _____
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patent ductus arteriosus
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in a fetus, pressure on the right atrium is _________ than the left atrium
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greater
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in fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosis adds _______ blood to what's going out of the aorta
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oxygenated
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"ballooning"
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aneurysm
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red, white, and blue disease
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raynaud's
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T/F EDV is proportional to right atrial pressure
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true
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most diagnostic tool for cardiomyopathies
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echo cardiogram
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volume receptors fire with _________ in venous return
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an increase
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what drives flow in circulation?
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pressure gradient
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biggest type of artery
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elastic arteries
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|
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aka stretchability
|
contractility
|
|
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valve inbetween RA and RV
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tricuspid (AV)
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valve inbetween RV and pulmonary artery
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pulmonic valve
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valve between LA and LV
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mitral (AV)
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dicrotic notch is caused by...
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sound when aortic valve closes
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lowest pressure, relaxation phase
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diastole
|
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max amount heart can pump
|
EDV
|
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ejection fraction in a healthy person
|
70%
|
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MVP produces a sound during ____
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systole
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mitral stenosis produces a sound during
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diastole
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if you increase LVP you _______ work
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increase
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vagal effect is a ...
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brake
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irregular looking QRS from early afterdepolarizations
|
torsades de pointes
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Pressure in arterioles is (more/less) ___________ than pressure in the veins
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more
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During diastole, pressure in the ventricle is (more/less) ___________ than pressure in the aorta.
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less
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End diastolic volume in the venticles (more/less) ___________ than end systolic volume.
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more
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If the radius of a arteriole to the small intestine increases, then resistance will (increase, decrease, not change) ___________, and flow to the small intestine will (increase, decrease, not change) ___________
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decrease, increase
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If the aortic valve is stiff it causes __________, which will result in an ____________ (increase, decrease, not change) in ventricular pressure and a
___________ (increase, decrease) in stroke volume. |
stenosis, increase, decrease
|
|
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The absolute refractory period in ventricular muscle cells is:
a. shorter than that in nerves b. determined by the permeability of the L type Calcium channels c. determined by timing of inactivation gates on the sodium channels d. determined by potassium channel opening |
c. determined by timing of inactivation gates on the sodium channels
|
|
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The first heart sound is caused by:
a. closure of the AV valves b. opening of the AV valves c. closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves d. opening of the aortic and pulmonic valves |
a. closure of the AV valves
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Vasoconstriction is increased when the activity of the _________ receptors in arterioles is stimulated by norepinephrine.
|
alpha 1
|
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SERCA pumps are located where in the heart? (Cell and location in cell) _________ , ____________.
Increased activity of the SERCA causes ventricular muscle cells to ___________ (contract/relax) more efficiently. |
ventricular muscle cell, sarcoplasmic reticulum, relax
|
|
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An increase in contractility of the ventricles can be caused by ________.
The concentration of which ion in the cardiomyocyte is involved in the mechanism of contractility _________. |
sympathetic or E, Ca++
|
|
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Dilated cardiomyopathy causes contractility to _________ (increase/decrease), which would generally cause cardiac output and blood pressure to _________ (increase/decrease)
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decrease, decrease
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(Answer as increase /decrease/no change). If blood pressure decreases, the firing of the carotid sinus baroreceptor nerve will ___________________. The response to this is a/an ___________ in firing in the vagus (parasympathetic) nerve to the heart, resulting in a/an ___________ in heart rate.
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decrease, decrease, increase
|
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The first stage of atherosclerosis is called the ____________ and involves formation of ___________ ( CELL TYPE) within the vascular wall.
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fatty streak, foam cell
|
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In a newborn with a patent ductus, most commonly the flow in the ductus will be from ___________________ (aorta to pulmonary artery, pulmonary artery to aorta).
|
aorta to pulmonary artery
|
|
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During exercise, increased flow to the cardiac muscle is mediated by the locally produced agent ___________ which acts to cause ____________ (vasodilation, vasocontriction) as a response to (increased/decreased) ___________ myocardial work
|
adenosine, vasodilation, increase
|
|
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The vascular disease in which blood vessels in the hands may alternatively dilate and constrict producing changes in color of the finger tips is ____________. This disease is can be related to _____________ (smoking, congenital defect, cold exposure).
|
Raynaud's, cold exposure
|
|
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A patient with 80% occlusion of his/her main coronary artery is most likely to have ___________ (stable angina, unstable angina), which occurs ________ (with exercise, at rest and with exercise).
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stable, with exercise
|
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flow in a capillary would be _______ flow in the aorta
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less than
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in the systemic circulation, normal capillary pressure is _________ normal venous pressure
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greater than
|
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ventricular pressure during systole is _______ atrial pressure
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greater than
|
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end diastolic volume is _________ end systolic volume
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greater than
|
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in a normal heart, the rate of firing of the SA node cells is ________ that of cells in the bundle of his
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same as
|
|
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in the presence of a secon degree AV block, the rate of firing f the SA node is ________ that of cells in the bundle of his
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greater than
|
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at rest in a normal person sympathetic tone to the heart is _______ parasympathetic tone to the heart
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less than
|
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in ventricular muscle, the contribution of extracellular Ca++ to muscle contraction is _________ the contribution of sarcoplasmic reticulum stores of Ca++
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less than
|
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in a patient with coarctation of the thoracic (postductal) aorta, arterial blood pressure in the arm would be ________ arterial blood pressure in the leg
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greater than
|
|
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in a patient with HERG channel mutation causing long QT syndrome, the duration of phase 2 in ventricular muscle cells is __________ that in normal subjects
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greater than
|
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In a normal person, an acute increase in blood pressure will cause heart rate to _____________
|
decrease
|
|
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In a normal person, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system will cause heart rate to ____________
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decrease
|
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Following arteriolar vasoconstriction, capillary pressure will ____________
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decrease
|
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In a normal person, a sudden increase in pericardial fluid which resulted in cardiac tamponade would cause cardiac output to ______________
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decrease
|
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In a normal person, a change in arterial blood pressure of 5 mmHg would be expected to cause blood flow to ventricular muscle to ___________
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not change
|
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Aortic stenosis would cause ventricular pressure to ____________
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increase
|
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Infusion of a drug which is an agonist at a 1 receptors would cause reflex heart rate to __________
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decrease
|
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Viagra increases the levels of cGMP in vascular smooth muscle; this would cause the blood flow in the vessels affected by Viagra to ___________
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increase
|
|
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During hemorrhage plasma Angiotensin II levels would ___________
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increase
|
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Local release of thromboxane by platelets would cause resistance in the arteriole to _________
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increase
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Which of the following is TRUE about the resistance to blood flow in a vessel in the cardiovascular system?
a. It depends on the compliance of the vessel, b. It is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel, c. It is independent of the viscosity of the blood. d. It is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the vessel, e. It can be calculated from the velocity of blood flow in the vessel. |
d. it is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius of the vessel
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Which of the following is TRUE regarding valve defects?
a. Mitral valve stenosis results in a systolic murmur, b. Mitral valve regurgitation results in a diastolic murmur, c. Aortic valve stenosis results in a systolic murmur, d. Aortic valve regurgitation results in a systolic murmur. |
c. aortic valve stenosis results in a systolic murmur
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE about regulation of blood flow to tissues?
a. Blood flow to the skin can be decreased by increased sympathetic activity, b. Blood flow to the brain is indirectly altered by changes in resistance in other tissues and directly altered by autoregulation. c. Blood flow to the kidney is affected by sympathetic nerves and autoregulation. d. Blood flow in the coronary arteries is always independent of blood pressure, e. Blood flow to the salivary glands can be increased by parasympathetic stimulation. |
d. blood flow in the coronary arteries is always independent of blood pressure
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Which of the following would NOT cause contractility to decrease?
a. a loss of pi receptors b. dilated cardiomyopathy c. a decrease in venous return d. a person with myocardial ischemia |
c. a decrease in venous return
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An increase in the interval from the p wave to the QRS is likely to be related to a change in:
a. An increase in parasympathetic stimulation of the SA node b. An increase in parasympathetic stimulation of the AV node c. An increase in sympathetic firing to ventricular muscle cells d. An increase in sympathetic firing to the SA node |
b. an increase in parasympathetic stimulation of the AV node
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A change in the shape of the t wave in the ECG is most likely related to a change in extracellular concentrations of which ion?
a. Na+ b. Ca++ c. cr d. K+ |
d. K+
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Reentry can be caused by which of the following:
a. formation of a fibrotic scar b. an abnormality in the sodium channel resulting in prolongation of the refractory period c. ischemia in myocytes d. both b and c |
d. both b and c
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Spread of contraction over the atria depends on:
a. innervation by the sympathetic nervous system of atrial myocytes b. gap junctions between atrial myocytes c. presence of t-tublues between myocytes d. the bundle of His which is a high speed conduction system between the myocytes |
b. gap junctions between atrial myocytes
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The resting (or pacemaker) potential in the SA node cells is caused by:
a. an inward leak of Na+ b. an outward leak of Na+ c. opening of K+channels d. opening of L-type Ca++ channels |
a. an inward leak of Na+
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Delayed rectifier K+ channels are important for which phase(s) of the action potential in ventricular myocytes?
a. phase 4 only b. phase 1 only c. phase Oto 1 d. phase 2-3 |
d. phase 2-3
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Which of the following channels is NOT voltage-dependent?
a. The Na+ channel on ventricular muscle cells b. The Na+ channel on SA node cells c. The ryanodine coupled Ca++ channel in ventricular muscle cells d. The L-Type Ca++ channel on ventricular muscle cells |
c. the ryanodine coupled Ca++ channel in ventricular muscle cells
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Which of the following would you expect as a consequence of early after depolarization?
a. atrial fibrillation b. AV block c. Torsades de pointes d. Sinus tachycardia |
c. torsades de pointes
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Mitral stenosis would be likely to cause:
a. atrial dilation b. a murmur between SI and S2 c. increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure d. increased cardiac output |
a. atrial dilation
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Administration of antibiotics in patients with mitral valve prolapse is intended to:
a. reduce the risk of pericarditis b. reduce the risk of blood clots c. reduce the risk of endocarditis d. prevent angina |
c. reduce risk of endocarditis
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Vascular smooth muscle vasoconstriction would be increased by an agent which:
a. increases IP3 stimulation of ryanodine receptors b. decreases phosphorylation of L-type Ca++ channel c. increases phosphorylation of Ca++ ATPase d. increases opening of "big" K+channels |
a. increase IP3 stimulation of ryanodine receptors
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Indomethacin or ibuprofen are used to treat infants with patent ductus arteriosus because:
a. They stimulate blood clotting to cause the ductus to close, b. They cause pulmonary vasodilation to reduce flow from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. c. They inhibit PGE2 production, resulting in ductal vasoconstriction. d. They inhibit PGF2ct which causes ductal dilation and decreases blood pressure in the infants. |
c. they inhibit PGE2 production, resulting in ductal vasoconstriction
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In a patient the infusion of an al agonist resulted in a small increase in cardiac output. Which of the following is most likely to explain this effect on cardiac output?
a. Heart rate was increased by an activation of al receptors, b. Contractility was increased by an activation of al receptors, c. Venous return was increased by an activation of al receptors d. There was an increase in heart rate as a reflex response to the increase in blood pressure which occurred because of activation of al receptors. |
c. venous return was increased by an acitvation of a1 receptors
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Which of the following are thought to be involved in the appearance of fatty streaks in atherosclerosis?
a. presence of platelets b. release of cytokines by smooth muscle cells c. uptake of oxidized LDLs d. presence of adhesion molecules on the macrophages |
c. uptake of oxidized LDLs
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A venous thrombosus would cause all of the following except:
a. tenderness and swelling b. pain at the site of thrombosus c. pale skin d. neuralgia |
c. pale skin
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Agents which inhibit activity of the Na+/K+ ATPase can increase contractility if given at the proper (therapeutic doses). This increase in contractility would occur because:
a. Intracellular K+ levels increase b. Intracelluar Na+ levels decrease c. Intracellular Ca++ levels increase d. Ventricular volume increases |
c. intracellular Ca++ levels increase
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Which of the following is most important for the relaxation of the ventricular myocardium?
a. K to channels b. Ca ATPase on plasma membrane c. Ca ATPase on sarcoplasmic reticulum d. L-type Ca++ channels |
c. Ca ATPase on sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Which of the following are NOT actions of the sympathetic nervous system on ventricular myocytes:
a. increase activity of protein kinases b. increasing resting membrane potential c. increase phosphorylation of L-type Ca channels d. increase phosphorylation of phospholamban |
b. increasing resting membrane potential
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Afterload may contribute to the development of:
a. aortic valve insufficiency b. cardiac hypertrophy c. myocardial ischemia d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Which of the following would NOT be associated with Raynaud's disease:
a. intermittent flow to fingertips and/or toes b. thrombosis c. thick, brittle nails , d. numbness |
b. thrombosis
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Which of the following diseases tend to occur in patient with other autoimmune diseases?
a. arteritis b. Buerger's disease c. coarctation of the aorta d. aortic stenosis |
a. arteritis
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In which of these tissues is autoregulation of blood flow most important:
a, the skin b. the stomach c. the brain d. the liver |
c. the brain
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Restrictive cardiomypathy limits cardiac function because:
a. contractility is reduced b. mitral valve regurgitation occurs c. diastolic filling is reduced d. heart rate is decreased |
c. diastolic filling is reduced
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Which of the following alter contractility:
a. norepinephrine b. pi agonists c. agents that increase cAMP generation in ventricular muscle d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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A patient is infused with a drug; as a result, the following changes are measured in the
cardiovascular system: heart rate to increased from 75 to 80 beats per minute cardiac output increased from 4.5 to 4.8 liters arterial blood pressure decreased from 90 mmHg to 85 mmHg. Which of the following occurred in this patient ? (Assume no change in right atrial pressure) a. Neither stroke volume nor resistance changed, b. Stroke volume and resistance both increased, c. Resistance decreased with no change in stroke volume, d. Resistance decreased with an increased in stroke volume. |
c. resistance decreased with no change in stroke volume
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A patient is infused with a drug; as a result, the following changes are measured in the
cardiovascular system: heart rate to increased from 75 to 80 beats per minute cardiac output increased from 4.5 to 4.8 liters arterial blood pressure decreased from 90 mmHg to 85 mmHg. In this patient, the drug was most likely: a. a vasodilator like nitroprusside b. a vasoconstrictor like angiotensin II c. a cholinergic receptor agonist d. a beta receptor antagonist |
a. a vasodilator like nitroprusside
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phase of ventricular action potential when Ca++ channels are open
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Phase 2
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absolute refractory period end near the start of this phase
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phase 3
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digitalis will cause after-depolarization during this phase
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phase 4
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phase of ventricular action potential when there is an inward flux of Na+
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phase 0
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the period of the cardiac cycle during which the aortic valve is closed and the mitral valve is opened
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diastolic filling
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the period of the cardiac cycle during which aortic pressure increases the most
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systolic ejection
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the second heart sound occurs at the beginning of this part of the cycle
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isovolumetric relaxation
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EDV in the ventricle would occur immediately before the start of this part of the cycle
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isovolumetric contraction
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