Pbd 2 Exam 4 - Week 1 Endocrine/bone

Front 1

True/False
An endocrine disorder classified as primary hyposecretion would result from too little tropic hormone being released.

Back 1

False. secondary

Front 2

True/False
Steroid hormones are nonpolar and usually circulate in the blood in a protein-bound form.

Back 2

True

Front 3

True/False
Trabecular (cancellous / spongy) bone has a much greater strength-to-weight ratio and surface area than cortical bone.

Back 3

True

Front 4

True/False
The enzyme 1-alpha-hydroxylase is located in hepatic microsomes.

Back 4

False. 25-hydroxy-Vit D

Front 5

True/False
The active form of Vitamin D [1-,25-(OH)2-D] increases parathyroid hormone (PTH) level.

Back 5

False. 25-hydroxy-Vitamin D increases

Front 6

True/False
Hypocalcemia can result in spontaneous contractions, seizures, and tetany.

Back 6

True

Front 7

True/False
Plasma acidosis can result in an increase in free plasma calcium levels.

Back 7

True

Front 8

True/False
The leading cause of hypocalcemia is primary hyperparathyroidism.

Back 8

False. hypercalcemia

Front 9

The arrangement of concentric layers of lamellar bone and lecunae oriented around a central canal containing blood vessels is known as a/an ________________ and is the structural unit of the Haversian System.

Back 9

osteon

Front 10

True/False
The osteoblasts have cellular processes that run through the canaliculi to transfer calcium from the interior of the osteon to cells on the surface.

Back 10

False. The osteocytes

Front 11

True/False
The balanced process of removing old bone and replacement with new bone is referred to as coupling.

Back 11

True

Front 12

A lack of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) would be an example of a __________ (primary, secondary, tertiary) hyposecretion type of endocrine disorder.

Back 12

secondary

Front 13

True/False
Thyroid hormones and the catecholamines are derived from cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene.

Back 13

False. amino acid tyrosine.

Front 14

True/False
An example of secondary hyposecretion causing an endocrine disorder would be a lack of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

Back 14

True

Front 15

The structural unit of the Haversian System of bone that consists of concentric layers of lamellar bone arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels is referred to as a/an ______________.

Back 15

osteon

Front 16

The cell type that secretes Type 1 collagen to form an organic matrix during bone remodeling is the _______________.

Back 16

osteoblast

Front 17

The organ responsible for the enzymatic (1-alpha-hydroxylase) production of the active form of Vitamin D is the __________.

Back 17

kidney

Front 18

The hormone that antagonizes the action of calcitonin is ___________.

Back 18

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Front 19

Acidosis _________ (increases/decreases) the amount of protein-bound plasma calcium.

Back 19

decreases

Front 20

The organ responsible for the enzymatic production of the 25-OH-Vit D form (inactive) of Vitamin D is the ____________.

Back 20

liver

Front 21

Alkalosis __________ (increases/decreases) the amount of protein-bound plasma calcium.

Back 21

increases

Front 22

True/False
Paget's Disease is also called nutritional rickets.

Back 22

False. is also called bone remodeling disorder.

Front 23

Concerning Type I primary osteoporosis, which of the following is FALSE:
a. characterized by bone loss mainly in the trabecular compartment
b. reduced bone mass can lead to fractures after minimal trauma
c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified
d. has been called a silent epidemic
e. all of the above are true

Back 23

c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified

Front 24

The cell-type that lays down new bone matrix is the ___________.

Back 24

osteoblast

Front 25

The organ responsible for the enzymatic (1-alpha-hydroxylase) production of the active form of Vitamin D is the ____________.

Back 25

kidney

Front 26

True/False
Parathyroid hormone stimulates osteocytic osteolysis.

Back 26

True

Front 27

The renal enzyme that converts 25-OH-Vit D to the active form is ________________.

Back 27

1-alpha-hydroxylase

Front 28

True/False
The most important regulatory compound affecting the absorption of calcium from the GI tract is PTH.

Back 28

is Vitamin D.

Front 29

True/False
Type I osteoporosis results in bone loss mainly in the trabecular compartment and is closely related to the postmenopausal loss of ovarian function.

Back 29

True

Front 30

True/False
Tropic hormones are classical hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.

Back 30

True

Front 31

True/False
Vitamin D is considered to be a steroid hormone.

Back 31

True

Front 32

True/False
The rate-limiting step determines the rate at which an enzymatic reaction occurs; thereby limiting the synthesis of end product.

Back 32

True

Front 33

True/False
Peptides are water soluble and therefore able to diffuse freely across the cell membrane.

Back 33

False. cannot diffuse

Front 34

T/F?
An example of short-loop feedback control of endocrine secretion would be the action of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) on the hypothalamus.

Back 34

False

long-loop feedback

(short-loop includes corticoids or dopamine)

Front 35

T/F?
An example of a secondary hypersecretion endocrine disorder would be secretion of too much thyrotropin.

Back 35

False. tertiary

primary: too much T3 and T4
secondary: TSH
tertiary: TRH

Front 36

Stored in vesicles
a. Protein hormones
b. Steroid hormones
c. Both protein and steroid hormones

Back 36

a. Protein hormones

Front 37

The plasma half-life is long; in the order of hours to days
a. Protein hormones
b. Steroid hormones
c. Both protein and steroid hormones

Back 37

b. Steroid hormones

Front 38

Bind to proteinaceous receptors to activate downstream signaling mechanisms
a. Protein hormones
b. Steroid hormones
c. Both protein and steroid hormones

Back 38

c. Both protein and steroid hormones

Front 39

True/False
Type II osteoporosis results in loss of mainly trabecular bone and is closely related to the postmenopausal loss of ovarian function.

Back 39

False. Type I

Front 40

True/False
Calcium homeostasis involves a balance between three variables: intake (diet), excretion (urine/feces), and exchange with a reservoir (bone).

Back 40

True

Front 41

True/False
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the production of 1,25-(OH)2-Vitamin D.

Back 41

True

Front 42

True/False
Paget's disease is due to Vitamin D deficiency.

Back 42

False. Ricket's

Front 43

True/False
Hypercholesterolemia is a classic feature of hyperthyroidism.

Back 43

False. hypothyroidism.

Front 44

True/False
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) by the anterior pituitary.

Back 44

True

Front 45

True/False
Thyroid hormones exert their action by binding to cell-membrane receptors of target cells.

Back 45

False. intracellular receptors

Front 46

True/False
T3 and T4 have negative feedback effects on the hypothalamus and pituitary.

Back 46

True

Front 47

True/False
Paget's disease is characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectual deterioration of the bone tissue, and elevated plasma levels of calcium and phosphate.

Back 47

False. decreased plasma levels

Front 48

True/False
The formation of the active form of Vitamin D is accomplished by the action of 25-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidney.

Back 48

False. 1-alpha

Front 49

True/False
A major way to initiate the bone remodeling process is exercise.

Back 49

True

Front 50

True/False
The stimulus for release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is increased plasma calcium levels.

Back 50

False. decreased

Front 51

True/False
The giant multinucleated cells that use enzymes and acid to create a resorption cavity during bone remodeling are called osteoblasts.

Back 51

False. osteoclasts.

Front 52

True/False
T4 is 3 to 4 times more potent than T3.

Back 52

False. T3 is

Front 53

True/False
The primary cause of hypocalcemia is adenoma of one or more of the parathyroid glands.

Back 53

False. hypercalcemia

Front 54

Which of the following statements about steroid hormones is/are FALSE:
a. derived from the cyclopentanohydrophenanthrene ring
b. are nonpolar
c. tend to be water soluble
d. usually circulate bound to protein in the blood
e. all of the above are true

Back 54

c. tend to be water soluble

Front 55

True/False
Thryotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and directly stimulates the synthesis and release of T4 and T3.

Back 55

False. TSH is

Front 56

True/False
Myxedema is a symptom of impending thryotoxic crisis.

Back 56

False. hypothyroidism.

Front 57

True/False
Hypocholesterolemia is a classic feature of hypothyroidism.

Back 57

False. hyperthyroidism.

Front 58

True/False
Thyroid hormones bind to cell membrane receptors of target tissues.

Back 58

False. intracellular receptors

Front 59

T/F?
An endocrine disorder classified as primary hyposecretion would result from too little tropic hormone being released.

Back 59

false. secondary

Front 60

True/False
Steriod hormones are nonpolar and usually circulate in the blood in a protein-bound form.

Back 60

True

Front 61

Which of the following is/are FALSE concerning Vitamin D?
a. it is hydroxylated and concentrated in the liver
b. it is hydroxylated in the kidney to one of two forms
c. hydoxylation in position 1 produces the form with the most biological activity (1, 25-(OH)2-D)
d. Vitamin D binds to target cell membrane receptors to initiate its action
e. all of the above are false

Back 61

d. Vitamin D binds to target cell membrane receptors to initiate its action

Front 62

Concerning the process that is involved in removing calcium from the interior of cortical bone and is crucial to plasma calcium homeostasis, which of the following is False:
a. calcium is removed from the surrounding bone by osteoclast that are trapped in small chambers within the Haversian system of cortical bone
b. the small chambers that house the cells responsible for this process are referred to as the lacunae
c. this process is referred to as osteolytic osteolysis

Back 62

a. calcium is removed from the surrounding bone by osteoclast that are trapped in small chambers within the Haversian system of cortical bone

Front 63

Concerning primary osteoporosis, which of the following is TRUE:
a. results in bone that is weak due to not being fully calcified
b. Afro-American, Hispanic, and American Indian women are at the highest risk
c. is a preventable condition
d. it is a disease of women only
e. none of the above are true

Back 63

c. is a preventable condition

Front 64

Concerning parathyroid hormone (PTH), which of the following is False:
a. causes an increase in calcium resorption by the renal tubules
b. stimulates osteocytic osteolysis
c. stimulates osteoclastic resorption of bone
d. is produced by the parafollicular cells
e. none of the above

Back 64

d. is produced by the parafollicular cells

Front 65

T/F?
Hormones of pregnancy tend to indirectly decrease parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels.

Back 65

True

Front 66

T/F?
Corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis is referred to as Type II osteoporosis.

Back 66

False. secondary

Front 67

The medical term for a delay in, or failure of, mineralization of the bone matrix (adult rickets) is _______________.

Back 67

osteomalacia

Front 68

T/F?
The main cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a single adenoma of the parathyroid glands.

Back 68

True

Front 69

T/F?
Parathyroid hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland.

Back 69

False. Calcitonin

Front 70

Which of the following is NOT an action of Vitamin D:
a. increase calcium absorption from the gut
b. stimulate bone resorption
c. increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) plasma levels
d. stimulate mineralization of new bone
e. all of the above are action of Vitamin D

Back 70

c. increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) plasma levels

Front 71

Concerning Type I osteoporosis, which of following is FALSE:
a. it is a disease affecting 70% of females over age 80
b. it usually affects thin women of small stature
c. it is a preventable condition
d. bone loss occurs mainly inside the vertebrae and ends of long bone
e. it is closely related to the postmenopausal loss of ovarian function

Back 71

a. it is a disease affecting 70% of females over age 80

Front 72

T/F?
Glucocorticoids increase the absorption of calcium from the GI tract.

Back 72

False. decrease

Front 73

Hypercalcemia resulting from metastatic disease associated with carcinoma of the lungs, breast, and kidneys, would produce __________ (increased, decreased, normal) plasma PTH levels

Back 73

decreased

Front 74

There are four main physiological functions of calcium. Which of the following is NOT one of the four we discussed in class?
a. Neural transmission
b. Muscle transmission
c. Temperature regulation
d. Blood clotting
e. Bone and teeth formation

Back 74

c. Temperature regulation

Front 75

When plasma levels of calcium drop to a very low level, what subsequent response will occur?
a. The body will metabolize the calciferol
b. The body will convert 25-hydroxycholecalciferol to dihydoxycholecalciferol
c. The body will secrete calcitonin and liberate calciferols
d. The body will secrete Parathyroid Hormone and activate 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D
e. The body does not respond to low plasma levels of calcium since this is not a concern

Back 75

d. The body will secrete Parathyroid Hormone and activate 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D

Front 76

T/F?
The osteoblasts have cellular processes that run through the canaliculi to transfer calcium from the interior of the osteon to cells on the surface.

Back 76

False. osteocytes

Front 77

The cell type that secretes Type 1 collagen to form an organic matrix during bone remodeling is the _______________.

Back 77

osteoblast

Front 78

True/False
Neurohormones are chemical agents that are released from neurons directly into the bloodstream where they are transported to remote sites to induce a biological response.

Back 78

True

Front 79

True/False
Hormones must go through a series of steps in order to produce an active substance from the inactive protein. This series of steps is Pre-Pro hormone --> Prohormone --> Active protein hormone

Back 79

True

Front 80

True/False
The majority of the calcium in the body is immobilized as the mineral hydroxyapatite in teeth and bones.

Back 80

False. analog in bones only.

Front 81

True/False
The type of rickets associated with severe renal failure falls under the category of nutritional rickets.

Back 81

False. metabolic rickets

Front 82

T/F?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions to increase plasma calcium levels.

Back 82

True

Front 83

T/F?
Secondary osteoporosis is referred to as Type II osteoporosis.

Back 83

False

Front 84

The danger of metastatic disease (associated with carcinoma of the lungs, breast, kidneys) is the production of hypocalcemia.

Back 84

False. hypercalcemia.

Front 85

Hormones of the anterior pituitary gland that control other endocrine glands are referred to as _________hormones.

Back 85

Tropic

Front 86

Concerning the structure of bone, the ___________ System consist of osteons made up of concentric layers of lamellar bone arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels.

Back 86

Haversian

Front 87

The hormone that antagonizes the actions of parathyroid hormone is ____________.

Back 87

calcitonin

Front 88

T/F?
Paget's Disease is also called nutritional rickets.

Back 88

False

Front 89

Concerning Type I primary osteoporosis, which of the following is FALSE:
a. characterized by bone loss mainly in the trabecular compartment
b. reduced bone mass can lead to fractures after minimal trauma
c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified
d. has been called a silent epidemic
e. all of the above are true

Back 89

c. results in enhanced bone fragility due to bone not being fully calcified

Front 90

The acute exacerbation of all of the symptoms of thyrotoxicosis is referred to as ______________ (either of two terms).

Back 90

thyroid storm or thyrotoxic crisis

Front 91

True/False
T4 is 3 to 4 times more potent than T3.

Back 91

False. T3 is 3 to 4 times more potent than T4.

Front 92

Bind to response elements and act as transcription factors
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 92

E. Steroid hormones

Front 93

Have a relatively complicated synthetic process which takes between 30-60 minutes
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 93

C. Protein hormones

Front 94

Are soluble in plasma
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 94

D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones

Front 95

Synthesized from tyrosine in just two or three enzymatic steps
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 95

A. Amino acid hormones

Front 96

Bind to intracellular receptors to form a receptor-hormone complex C
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 96

E. Steroid hormones

Front 97

Stored in vesicles containing active hormone and zymogen
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Gause hormones
C. Protein/peptide hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 97

C. Protein/peptide hormones

Front 98

The first step in synthesis is conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 98

E. Steroid hormones

Front 99

The plasma half-life and the duration of effects are long; in terms of hours to days
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 99

E. Steroid hormones

Front 100

Are typically composed of less than 20 amino acids
A. Amino acid hormones
B. Peptide hormones
C. Protein hormones
D. Amino acid, peptide and protein hormones
E. Steroid hormones

Back 100

B. Peptide hormones

Front 101

T/F?
Hypercholesterolemia is a classic feature of hyperthyroidism.

Back 101

False