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73 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
True/False
Per capita cancer deaths have increased in the U.S. since 1991.
True
True/False
Examples of labile cells would be sperm cells and epithelial cells of the skin.
True
True/False
Substitution of one type of fully differentiated cell for another is called metaplasia.
True
True/False
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called carcinomas.
True
True/False
The G2 phase is outside the cell cycle and is not part of the proliferative cycle.
False. G0
True/False
Breast cancer causes the most deaths due to cancer in females.
False. Lung/bronchus cancer
True/False
Carcinomas arise from mesenchymal tissue.
False. Sarcomas arise
True/False
The number of cells that is considered the limit of clinical detection for most cancers is 10^6 (1,000,000) cells.
False. 10^9 (1,000,000,000) cells.
The category of cells that continue to multiply throughout life is referred to as ______________ cells.
labile
The variation in size and shape of cells seen in anaplastic tissue is referred to as _______________.
pleomorphism
True/False
Examples of labile cells would be enterocytes and epithelial cells of the skin.
True
True/False
Pleomorphism and hyperchromatic nuclei are characteristics of metaplasia.
False. of dysplasia.
True/False
Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called carcinomas.
True
True/False
The G2 phase is outside the cell cycle and is not part of the proliferative cycle.
False. G0 phase
True/False
The limit of clinical detection (number of cells) is considered to be 10^6 cells for most tumors.
False. 10^9
True/False
Replacement of ciliated and goblet cells of the bronchial epithelium with stratified squamous cells in response to chronic irritation from smoking is an example of dysplasia.
False. of metaplasia.
True/False
The number of cells that is considered to be the limit of detection for most tumors is 10^6 (20 doublings, 1 mm diameter).
False. 10^9 (30 doublings, 1.24 cm diameter).
The leading cancer killer (#1) for both men and women in the U.S. is _______________.
Lung/Bronchus
Malignant neoplasms arising from epithelial cells are referred to as _________________.
Carcinomas
True/False
Colorectal cancer kills more individuals each year than cancer of the lung/bronchus.
False. kills less individuals
True/False
All cancer cells have the ability to produce secondary tumors if displaced to a distant site.
False. Not all cancer cells
___________ represents an adaptive substitution of one type of normal adult cell for another type of normal adult cell.
Metaplasia
Tumors arising from mesenchymal (collective) tissue are referred to as _______.
sarcomas
True/False
It is estimated that there will be over 1.3 million deaths due to cancer in the U.S. in 2005.
False. 1.4 million
True/False
The number of deaths from colorectal cancer is greater than the number of deaths for breast and prostate cancer combined.
False. less than
True/False
Heart disease exceeds cancer as the cause of death for all age groups.
True
True/False
Smoking is associated with an increased incidence of cancer of the pancreas, bladder, and uterus.
True
True/False
An example of a labile cell would be an egg (ovum) in the ovary.
False. permanent cell
True/False
A "Grade 1" tumor has a poorer prognosis than a "Grade 4" tumor.
False. better prognosis
True/False
During the cell cycle, DNA synthesis occurs in the G2 phase.
False. S phase.
True/False
The term "multiple cell accidents" refers to the development of metastatic or secondary tumors arising at a distant site.
False. The term "metastasis"
Which of the following is NOT one of the top five leading causes of death by any means in the U.S.:
a. cerebrovascular
b. heart diseases
c. assault
d. cancer
e. chronic lower respiratory
c. assault
An example of physiologic hyperplasia would be:
a. benign prostatic hyperplasia
b. Cushing's associated adrenal cortical hyperplasia
c. renal enlargement in response to removal of other kidney
d. myositis ossificans
c. renal enlargement in response to removal of other kidney
When reserve (basal / stem) cells differentiate into a cell type that is different than the cells normally found in a specific area as an adaptive or protective response, it is referred to as:
a. hypertrophy
b. hyperplasia
c. metaplasia
d. dysplasia
e. anaplasia
c. metaplasia
When reserve (basal / stem) cells fail to differentiate, it is referred to as:
a. hypertrophy
b. hyperplasia
c. metaplasia
d. dysplasia
e. anaplasia
e. anaplasia
Activation of the p53 gene is associated with:
a. differentiation
b. triggering inflammation
c. pleomorphism
d. angiogenesis
e. apoptosis
e. apoptosis
Which of the following is FALSE concerning the treatment of neoplasms:
a. rapidly growing (proliferating) tumors are more vulnerable to most of the currently available chemotheraputic agents
b. non-dividing cells (population G0) may reenter the cell cycle and start to divide and, therefore, must be destroyed to effect a cure
c. radiation therapy destroys both dividing cells and cells in population G0
d. surgical debulking is used to induce tumor cells in population G0 to reenter the cell cycle
e. each dose of chemo kills the same number of cells and must be given in a cyclic fashion
e. each dose of chemo kills the same number of cells and must be given in a cyclic fashion
(Same proportion of cells)
True/False
Cells of the body that retain latent capacity to regenerate, but under normal circumstances do not actively replicate are referred to as labile cells.
False. stable cells.
True/False
Lung, pancreas, bladder and uterine cancer are all associated with smoking.
True
True/False
Alzheimer's Disease is the number 5 cause of death in the US.
False. Accidents is
True/False
Approximately 2/3 of all cancer deaths occur in individuals under the age of 65.
False. over the age
True/False
Hyperplasia is an increase in the size and number of cells in a tissue or organ.
False. number of cells in a tissue or organ only.
True/False
Marked pleomorphism is associated with benign tumors.
False. malignant tumors.
The majority of chemotherapeutic agents currently used in the treatment of cancer are NOT effective against cells in which of the following populations (or phases of the cell cycle) of cells
a. S
b. G2
c. M
d. G0
d. G0
Concerning oncogenes, which of the following is False:
a. An oncogene is an altered form of a normal gene called a proto-oncogene
b. Proto-oncogenes function in the regulation of normal cell growth and/or differentiation
c. Mutations of proto-oncogenes can result in overexpression (hyperactivity) of growth-related gene products
d. Mutations of proto-oncogenes have a recessive effect requiring that both copies of the cell's gene be altered
d. Mutations of proto-oncogenes have a recessive effect requiring that both copies of the cell's gene be altered
(dominant effect requiring that one copy of the cell's gene be altered)
Concerning dysplasia, which of the following is FALSE
a. it is the loss in uniformity of the individual cells
b. encountered mainly in the epithelium
c. characterized by pleomorphism and hyperchromatic nuclei
d. irreversible change
e. sometimes associated with malignant transformation
d. irreversible change
(reversible change)
Development of the female breast at puberty is an example of:
a. hyperplasia
b. hypertrophy
c. metaplasia
d. atypical metaplasia
e. dysplasia
a. hyperplasia
The leading cause of death in females in the US due to cancer is caused by:
a. lung and bronchus cancer
b. breast cancer
c. colon and rectal cancer
d. ovarian cancer
e. pancreatic cancer
a. lung and bronchus cancer
Which of the following is a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal cell origin:
a. liposarcoma
b. adenoma
c. adenocarcinoma
d. squamous cell carcinoma
e. papilloma
a. liposarcoma
The term that refers to the process involving the p53 gene is:
a. cachexia
b. synovioma
c. anaplasia
d. apoptosis
e. pleomorphism
d. apoptosis
True/False
The highest incidence of the development of cancer occurs most often in the population that is younger than 50 years of age.
False. older than 85 years of age.
True/False
It is estimated that there will be more than 1.3 million cancer deaths in 2003.
False. 1.4 million
True/False
Epithelial cells of the GI tract are an example of stable cells.
False. labile cells.
True/False
An example of hypertrophy would be the growth of the female breast at puberty.
False. hyperplasia.
True/False
Sarcomas, such as lymphosarcoma, are of epithelial-cell origin.
False. mesenchymal tissue origin.
True/False
Programmed cell cell, or cell suicide, is called anaplasia.
False. apoptosis.
True/False
A grade 4 tumor would closely resemble the tissue of origin.
False. A grade 1
True/False
The actual process of cell division, that yields two daughter cells, occurs in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.
False. M phase.
True/False
Total cell cycle time (Tc) is much shorter for most tumor cells than for normal human cells.
False. much longer
True/False
The more anaplastic a tumor is, the higher growth fraction it would tend to have.
True
The correct descending order of cause of death in the US is:
a. cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, chronic lower respiratory disease, cancer
b. heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, accidents
c. cancer, cerebrovascular disease, heart disease, chronic lower respiratory disease
d. heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease
d. heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular disease, chronic lower respiratory disease
The development of bone in a muscle (myositis ossificans) is an example of:
a. hyperplasia
b. metaplasia
c. dysplasia
d. anaplasia
e. metastasis
b. metaplasia
Concerning benign neoplasms, which of the following is NOT true:
a. considered relatively innocent
b. do not have the ability to spread to distant sites
c. become enclosed within a fibrous capsule
d. can invade and destroy adjacent structures
e. all of the above are true
d. can invade and destroy adjacent structures
Concerning the Go population of cells associated with a tumor, which of the following is NOT true:
a. described as being outside the loop (cycle) of proliferating cells
b. made up of cells that are not synthesizing DNA
c. made up of cell population of cells that is targeted by most current antineoplastic drugs
d. often serve as a reserve and can reenter the pool of proliferating cells
e. all of the above are true
c. made up of cell population of cells that is targeted by most current antineoplastic drugs
Concerning surgical debulking or radiation therapy of tumors, which of the following is NOT true:
a. decreasing the cell number places the tumor of the exponential part of the Gompertz growth curve
b. decreasing the cell number tends to move the tumor cells in the Go back to the cell division cycle
c. inducing cell division by decreasing the cell number makes the tumor more susceptible to most chemotherapy
d. decreasing the cell number of the tumor below the level of detection (no discernable tumor) often negatively affects patient compliance for additional chemotherapeutic treatment
e. all of the above are true
e. all of the above are true
True/False
All examples of hyperplasia are considered pathological due to the high incidence of malignant transformation associated.
False. Not all examples
True/False
Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells.
True
True/False
All tumor cells are capable of forming colonies.
False. Not all tumor cells
True/False
Enterocytes are categorized as stable cells.
False. labile cells.
The type (location) of cancer responsible for the most deaths in the US in both males and females is __________.
lung / bronchus
The population of tumor cells that serve as a reserve and can reenter the pool of proliferating cells and must be killed to achieve a cure is referred to as the _____________ population or phase.
G0
The ____________ encodes a regulatory protein that has dominant transforming properties and can cause over expression of growth-related gene products resulting in tumor formation.
oncogene