Pbd 2 Exam 1 - Week 1

Front 1

True/False
The middle third of the esophagus contains both smooth and skeletal muscles.

Back 1

True

Front 2

True/False
The lamina propria is the connective tissue portion of the submucosal layer of the wall of the GI tract.

Back 2

False. Mucosa layer.

Front 3

The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes is
the __________________.

Back 3

Esophageal Hiatus

Front 4

The thin-walled dome-shaped part of the stomach that is located above the level of the lower esophageal sphincter is called the ______________.

Back 4

Fundus

Front 5

The part of the colon that is suspended by the mesocolon is referred to as the ______________ colon.

Back 5

Transverse

Front 6

Extrinsic parasympathetic innervation of the GI tract is via (Preganglionic / Postganglionic) fibers of the vagus nerve.

Back 6

Preganglionic

Front 7

True/False
The lower third of the esophagus contains both smooth and skeletal muscles.

Back 7

False. The middle third.

Front 8

True/False
The most frequent cause of the dysphagia is achalasia.

Back 8

False. is esophageal webs.

Front 9

The sheets of mesentery that suspend the stomach and attach to the lesser curvature of the stomach is called the _____________________.

Back 9

lesser omentum

Front 10

True/False
Acute stress ulcers are frequently caused by alcohol abuse, salicylates, and staphylococcal endotoxin.

Back 10

False. Acute Gastritis are.

Front 11

True/False
The myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system is located between the submucosa and muscularis externa.

Back 11

False. between the muscle layers of the muscularis externa.

Front 12

True/False
A migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) would occur during fasting and serves to clear the remains of a previous meal out of the stomach.

Back 12

True

Front 13

The connective tissue layer of the mucosa of the GI tract is called the:
a. lamina propria
b. submucosa
c. adventitia
d. serosa

Back 13

a. lamina propria

Front 14

The most frequent cause of dysphagia is
a. achalasia
b. diverticula of the esophagus
c. esophageal webs
d. carcinoma of the esophagus

Back 14

c. esophageal webs

Front 15

The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through the _________________.

Back 15

Esophageal Hiatus

Front 16

The transverse colon empties into the ________________.

Back 16

Descending Colon

Front 17

True/False
Contraction of the muscularis externa of the GI tract occurs only if its electrical threshold is reached.

Back 17

False. if its Contraction Threshold is reached.

Front 18

True/False
Substance P increases motility of the GI tract.

Back 18

True

Front 19

True/False
The transverse colon bends to join the descending colon at the splenic flexure.

Back 19

True

Front 20

True/False
Sliding type hiatus hernia is more common than paraesophageal type.

Back 20

True

Front 21

Blood from the GI tract is drained by the ___________________ vein.

Back 21

Hepatic Portal

Front 22

The internal anal sphincter is under (Voluntary/Involuntary) control.

Back 22

Involuntary

Front 23

The electrical activity referred to as the "slow waves" must reach the _____________ threshold before the GI smooth muscle will respond.

Back 23

contraction

Front 24

Ulceration of the upper GI tract occurring within hours to two weeks after extreme stress is called ________________________.

Back 24

acute stress ulcers

Front 25

True/False
The 'Law of the Intestine' is dependent on a parasympathetic input via the vagus nerve.

Back 25

False. is not dependent.

Front 26

True/False
The musculature of the upper third of the esophagus is stimulated to contract by the parasympathetic division and inhibited to contract by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Back 26

False. the lower third

Front 27

True/False
The internal anal sphincter is under voluntary control.

Back 27

involuntary control.

Front 28

True/False
An example of an inhibitory GI peptide is substance P.

Back 28

False. excitatory GI peptide

Front 29

True/False
The basic electrical rhythm of the GI tract is produced by the depolarization of ganglion cells of the enteric nervous system.

Back 29

by specialized interstitial cells (of Cajal)‏.

Front 30

The pathologic condition that may produce dysphagia due to ineffectual peristalsis and chronic contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter is:
a. esophagitis
b. esophageal webs
c. diverticula of the esophagus
d. achalasia

Back 30

d. achalasia

Front 31

Chylomicrons leave the instestinal villi by entering the _________ (a structure) and traveling in the lymph to the systemic circulation.

Back 31

lacteals

Front 32

True/False
A migrating myoelectric complex (MMC) that occur during periods of fasting is initiated by pacemaker cells located in the body of the stomach.

Back 32

True

Front 33

True/False
The most common form of hiatus hernia is referred to as the paraesophageal type.

Back 33

False. sliding type.

Front 34

True/False
The soft palate prevents food from entering the laryngopharynx.

Back 34

False. epiglottis.

Front 35

True/False
The smooth muscle of the stomach is totally relaxed when empty, ready to accept the next meal.

Back 35

False. contracted.

Front 36

True/False
The pharyngoesophageal sphincter (UES) is under autonomic control.

Back 36

False. voluntary control.

Front 37

True/False
The duodenum is the longest segment of the small intestine.

Back 37

False. The ileum is.

Front 38

True/False
The internal anal sphincter is under autonomic control.

Back 38

True

Front 39

True/False
Substance P inhibits GI motility.

Back 39

False. stimulates.

Front 40

True/False
The part of the stomach just below the lower esophageal sphincter is the fundus.

Back 40

False. cardia.

Front 41

True/False
Digestion begins in the stomach.

Back 41

False. the mouth.

Front 42

True/False
The serous membrane that makes up the visceral peritonum of the stomach continues on from the greater curvature of the stomach to form the greater omentum.

Back 42

True

Front 43

True/False
The "Law of the Intestine" is an example of an autonomic reflex.

Back 43

False. of a intrinsic reflex.

Front 44

True/False
The submucosal (Meissner's) plexus controls mainly secretory activty and blood flow.

Back 44

True

Front 45

True/False
The external (inferior) hemorrhoidal venous plexus drains into the hepatic portal vein.

Back 45

False. into the inferior vena cava (systemic).

Front 46

True/False
The cecum is located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen.

Back 46

False. right quadrant.

Front 47

True/False
Achalasia is the most frequent cause of dysphagia.

Back 47

False. Esophageal webs is.

Front 48

True/False
Both the pylorus and ileocecal valve (sphincter) undergo periods of relaxation during the occurrance of migrating myoelectric complex (MMC).

Back 48

True.

Front 49

True/False
Lacteals are the blind beginnings of lymphatic vessels found in the microvilli of the small intestine.

Back 49

False. villi of the small intestine.

Front 50

Concerning the basic electrical rhythm of the GI smooth muscle, which of the following is NOT true:
a. it results from a depolarization of the resting membrane potential of specialized interstitial cell (of Cajal)
b. the specialized interstitial cells (of Cajal) form gap junctions with the muscularis externa
c. stronger contractions are produced if the slow waves reach electrical threshold
d. amplitude and frequency of slow waves are modulated by nervous input and hormone
e. all of the above are true

Back 50

e. all of the above are true

Front 51

Concerning the Law of Intestine, which of the following is NOT required to produce contraction of the muscularis externa:
a. a stimulus and sensor
b. stimulation of the myenteric plexus by parasympathetic nerves
c. depolarization of enteric neurons
d. motor signals from the myenteric plexus
e. all of the above are required

Back 51

b. stimulation of the myenteric plexus by parasympathetic nerves

Front 52

Going from the lumen of the GI tract outward, the third layer of the tissue that can be identified histologically is the:
a. adventitia
b. submucousa
c. muscularis mucosae
d. lamina propia
e. muscularis externa

Back 52

e. muscularis externa

Front 53

Concerning the taenia coli, which of the following is NOT true:
a. it is part of the colon
b. it consist of longitudinally-oriented smooth muscle fibers
c. it is the outer layer of the musclaris externa
d. it is innervated by the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus
e. all of the above are true

Back 53

e. all of the above are true

Front 54

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach:
a. provide an acid environment to convert pepsinogens to pepsins
b. provide an acid environment in which the pepsins are active
c. mix ingested food with gastric secretions
d. provide an acid environment that will kill most ingested organisms
e. all are functions

Back 54

e. all are functions

Front 55

Concerning the greater omentum, which of the following is NOT true:
a. it is a fat storage organ
b. it is highly vascular
c. it suspends the transverse colon
d. it often forms adhesions which inflamed tissue
e. all of the above is true

Back 55

c. it suspends the transverse colon

Front 56

True/False
The sigmoid colon is located in the lower-left quadrant.

Back 56

True

Front 57

True/False
The lamina propria is the name given to the connective tissue layer found in the submucosa.

Back 57

False. in the mucousa.

Front 58

True/False
In the GI tract, Substance P is an excitatiory compound.

Back 58

True

Front 59

The part of the stomach that is located above the level of the gastroesophageal sphincter (LES) is the _______.

Back 59

fundus

Front 60

The periods of intense electrical and motor activity that originate in the stomach and sweeps to the ileocecal valve (or sphincter) following a period of fasting are referred to as a _________________.

Back 60

migrating myoelectric complex (MMC)

Front 61

The pathologic condition of the stomach that is a response to local irritants is _____________.

Back 61

acute gastritis

Front 62

Which of the following is NOT true concerning the increase in volume of the stomach during the ingestion of a meal:
a. entrance of food into stomach causes a reduction of tone
b. reduction of tone is referred to as receptive relaxation
c. increase in pressure expands stomach as food enters
d. a typical stomach can accommodate about 1.5 L. before afferent signals tell CNS that you are getting full

Back 62

c. increase in pressure expands stomach as food enters

Front 63

The second (middle) section of the small intestine is the:
a. ileum
b. cecum
c. jejunum
d. duodenum
e. none of the above

Back 63

c. jejunum

Front 64

A "migrating myoelectric complex" (MMC) would most likely occur during:
a. cephalic phase
b. gastric phase
c. intestinal phase
d. fasting phase

Back 64

d. fasting phase

Front 65

True/False
The superior (upper or internal) hemorrhoidal venous plexus drains into systemic veins that connect with the inferior vena cava.

Back 65

False. The inferior (external)

Front 66

True/False
Contraction of the muscularis externa of the GI tract occurs only if the electrical threshold is reached.

Back 66

False. contraction threshold.

Front 67

True/False
The submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous system is located between the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa.

Back 67

True

Front 68

True/False
Nitric oxide stimulates contraction in the smooth muscle of the GI tract.

Back 68

False. inhibits

Front 69

The serous membrane that suspends the stomach is referred to as the _____________.

Back 69

lesser omentum

Front 70

The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through the ________________.

Back 70

esophageal hiatus

Front 71

The connective tissue layer of the mucosa of the GI tract that contains blood and lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes is the ___________________.

Back 71

lamina propria

Front 72

Dysphagia resulting from ineffectual peristalsis is referred to as ______________.

Back 72

achalasia

Front 73

The intense, cyclic contractile activity that moves any remains of a previous meal out of the stomach to the end of the small intestine is referred to as the ___________________.

Back 73

MMC - migrating myoelectric complex

Front 74

The protrusion of a serosa-lined pouch containing a loop of small intestine through a defect in the wall of the peritoneal cavity is called a/an __________.

Back 74

hernia

Front 75

True/False
Digestion begins at the buccal cavity.

Back 75

False. salivary gland

Front 76

True/False
Rugae are produced due to the totally relaxed condition of the smooth muscle of the stomach occurring when the stomach is empty.

Back 76

False. totally contracted condition.

Front 77

True/False
The shortest segment of the small intestine is the ileum.

Back 77

False. the duodenum.

Front 78

True/False
Extrinsic adrenergic stimulation of the GI smooth muscle would result in increased motility.

Back 78

False. decreased

Front 79

True/False
Depolarization of GI smooth muscle membranes to their electrical threshold is required to initiate contraction.

Back 79

False. contraction threshold.

Front 80

True/False
Substance P inhibits GI motility.

Back 80

False. stimulates.

Front 81

True/False
The "Law of the Intestine" is an example of an extrinsic reflex.

Back 81

False. intrinsic

Front 82

True/False
Peristalsis results in sweeping waves of contraction that propels intestinal contents for long distances within the small intestine.

Back 82

False. short distances.

Front 83

True/False
As migrating myoelectric complexes moves material into the rectum, we perceive the sensation of needing to defacate.

Back 83

False. As myenteric and parasympathetic reflexes moves

Front 84

If a bolus of food becomes stuck in the esophageal lumen, the distension of the esophageal lumen, the distension of the esophageal wall stimulates ___________, a wave of contraction and relaxation that is independent of voluntary swallowing.

Back 84

secondary peristalsis
(question from reading)

Front 85

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs is the ______________.

Back 85

peritoneum

Front 86

The sheets of mesentery that suspend the stomach are called the _________________.

Back 86

lesser omentum.

Front 87

The structure that has important functions of preventing retrograde passage of colonic contents into the small intestine is the __________________.

Back 87

ileocecal sphincter

Front 88

The variation in the resting membrane potential (RMP) characteristic of GI smooth muscle that produces slow waves is referred to as ____________________.

Back 88

basic electrical rhythm.

Front 89

The stomach disorder that occurs within hours to up to 2 weeks following severe burns, crushing trauma, or sepsis is _________________.

Back 89

acute stress ulcer

Front 90

The myenteric plexus (Auerbach's) is located in which of the histological layers of the GI tract:
a. mucousa
b. submucousa
c. muscularis externa
d. muscularis mucousae
e. adventitia

Back 90

c. muscularis externa