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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Male reproduction is controlled by the _____ - pituitary - gonadal axis & by the nervous system.
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hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis
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T or F
Fever & hyperthermia can reduce sperm quality & quantity. |
T
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____ tubules is site of spermatogenesis.
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Seminiferous tubules
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_____ cells is site of testosterone production.
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Leydig cells
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In most domestic spp, spermatogenesis requires ___ to ___ days.
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40-60 days
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T or F
Ampullae secrete mucoid fluid (that is part of the seminal fluid) and are absent in pigs. |
T
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T or F
Bulbourethral glands are the major gland in boars but are absent in dogs. |
T
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T or F
Dogs and cats have vesicular glands. |
F - they do not
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Dilation of the penile _____ is responsible for penile erection.
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arterioles
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Locking in dogs is d/t contraction of the sphincter mm of vulva & the _____ of penis remains enlarged.
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bulbus glandis
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T or F
Horses are long day breeders (spring/summer) - meaning more light = less melatonin and more GnRH. Fertility is decreased off season d/t decreased light = increased melatonin. |
T
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What 3 spp are short day breeders (fall/early winter when melatonin is high and less light)?
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sheep
goats deer |
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_____ = formation of ovulatory follicles & E2 secretion
a) PE b) E c) ME d) DE |
a) PE - proestrus
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___ = sexual receptivity & peak E2 secretion
a) PE b) E c) ME d) DE |
b) E - estrus
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____ = CL formation + beginning of P4 secretion
a) PE b) E c) ME d) DE |
c) ME - metestrus
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____ = sustained luteal secretion of P4
a) PE b) E c) ME d) DE |
d) DE - diestrus
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The 3 types of cyclicity are:
- polyestrus (cow, pig, human) - seasonally polyestrus (horse, cat, sheep, wild ruminants) - _____ (dog)- once cycle followed by silent period 1-2x/yr |
monoestrus
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Female system dev in absence of ____.
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TDF - testicular determining factor
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T or F
Primordial follicles are present shortly after birth. |
F - they are present b/f birth
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T or F
The number of primary oocytes is fixed at time of birth (except cats). |
T
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____ = sustained luteal secretion of P4
a) PE b) E c) ME d) DE |
d) DE - diestrus
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The 3 types of cyclicity are:
- polyestrus - seasonally polyestrus - _____ |
monoestrus
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Female system dev in absence of ____.
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TDF - testicular determining factor
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T or F
Primordial follicles are present shortly after birth. |
F - they are present b/f birth
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T or F
The number of primary oocytes is fixed at time of birth (except cats). |
T
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____ phase = PE + E
____ phase = ME + DE Answer choices: follicular phase luteal phase |
luteal phase = PE + E
follicular phase = ME + DE |
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The ____ surge leads to spontaneous ovulation.
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LH (no LH surge = no ovulation)
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Name some induced ovulators.
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cats, camels, minks, ferrets, rabbits
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What happens if cat mates with sterile male?
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ovulation then PE to E over again
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T or F
Luteolysis takes place only in hoofed spp. |
T - only rum, pigs & horses
(not cat & dog) |
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During luteolysis the nonpregnant uterus starts to produce PGF 2 alpha ~ ____ days a/f ovulation.
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10-14 days
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Luteolysis in primates: PGF2 alpha is produced by the ___ so the uterus is not needed to induce luteolysis.
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corpus luteum
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Proliferative phase is under ___ influence.
Secretory phase is under ____ influence. |
proliferative - estrogen
secretory - progesterone |
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In dogs, maasive proliferation of vessels during the ____ phase leads to bleeding/menstruation.
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proliferative
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In some spp, the sex center req priming by low levels of ___ (cattle, sheep, pigs) leadind to 1st cycle a/f an anestrus period does not induce estrous behavior ("silent heat").
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progesterone
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____ = induction of female cycling a/f introduction of males to heard - used to synchronize females & advance breeding season (goats, sheep).
a) Witten effect b) Vandenbergh effect c) Bruce effect d) Lee-Boot effect |
a) Witten effect
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_____ - gilts reach puberty earlier when exposed to boar -used to advance puberty in pigs.
a) Witten effect b) Vandenbergh effect c) Bruce effect d) Lee-Boot effect |
b) Vandenbergh effect
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____ - intro of new males can induce early abortion in rodents & cats.
a) Witten effect b) Vandenbergh effect c) Bruce effect d) Lee-Boot effect |
c) Bruce effect
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____ - suppresion (rodents) or synchronization of female cycles (dormitory effect) in the absence of males.
a) Witten effect b) Vandenbergh effect c) Bruce effect d) Lee-Boot effect |
d) Lee-Boot effect
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Lifespan of oocyst: ___ days
Lifespan of sperm: ___ days |
both 1-2 days so mating should occur several hrs prior to ovulation
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_____ = fertilization by several sperm leading to polypoid zygotes - fetal death a/f several wks of development
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polyspermy
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Placenta epitheliochorialis (6 layers) = _____
a) horse, ruminant, pig b) dog, cat c) primates, some rodents |
a) horse, ruminant, pig
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Placenta endothelialchorialis (fetal placenta is in direct contact with maternal endothelium) = _____
a) horse, ruminant, pig b) dog, cat c) primates, some rodents |
b) dog, cat
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Placenta hemochorialis - fetal placenta in contact with maternal blood = ______
a) horse, ruminant, pig b) dog, cat c) primates, some rodents |
c) primates, some rodents
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T or F
Primates under implantation into endometrial lining while other spp undergo attachment inside uterine lumen. |
T
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Times of attachment:
dog, cat = ____ days sheep = ____ days pig = ____ days goat = ____ days cattle = ____ days horse = ____ days |
dog, cat = 13-15 days
sheep = 15-18 days pig = 14-20 days goat = 20-25 days cattle = 30-35 days horse = 30-35 (42) days |
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What is the most important hormone in all spp to maintain pregnancy?
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progesterone
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The most important event leading to partuition is an increase in fetal ____ production, which induces placental estrogen production, which induces myometrial changes & initiates PGF2 alpha release.
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cortisol
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What hormone prepares the myometrium to become contractile?
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estrogen
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What hormone stimulates synthesis of placental PGF2 alpha/E2?
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estrogen
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In stage 1 of partuition in large animals, what presentation does the fetus take for delivery?
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"diving position" - anterior presentation (head & feet 1st)
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In stage 1 of partuition in small animals, what presentation does the fetus take for delivery?
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anterior or posterior position
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Stage 2 of partuition: ___ reflex/____ release leads to expulsion of fetus.
Small animals - time dep on # in litter Large animals - 1-4 hrs (long) Horses - 15-20 minutes (short) |
fergusson reflex/oxytocin release
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What takes place in stage 3 of partuition?
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delivery of fetal mbs
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_____ is the period after partuition of uterine involution & regeneration.
Cow - 1 month Horses - 9-10 days other spp - 6 days to several wks |
Puerperium
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When does the milk induction phase begin?
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few days prior to birth
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What is the immunoglobulin concentration in colostrum compared with that of normal milk?
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30-40x greater
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What spp are colostrum dep b/c there is no IG transfer in utero?
Hint: placenta epitheliochorialis |
horse, rum, pig
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Bovine _____ (GH) replaces the the role of prolactin.
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somatotropin
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T or F
Lactation increases for the 1st 3-4 wks then gradually declines. |
T
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When will cows become "dried up" d/t lack of milk removal?
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a/f 305 days of lactation
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bST (bovine somatotropin) is used commercially to enhance lactation up to ___% but can worsen the negative energy balance.
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20%
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What is the min dry period for dairy cattle?
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6 wks
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What is the best time to mate/inseminate cows?
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mid to late estrus
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What is the most definite sign of estrus?
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standing heat - standing to be mounted
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Vaginal cytology:
_____ = intermediate cells + lots of RBC & WBC |
PE
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Vaginal cytology:
_____ = parabasal cells + intermediate cells |
anestrus
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Vaginal cytology:
_____ = thickest so only supf cells are seen |
E
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Vaginal cytology:
_____ = intermediate, parabasal cells & WBC |
DE
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_____ - not a disorder - physiological state in dogs where nonpregnant female mimicks events if partuition -can become fully lactational if suckling occurs.
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pseudopregnancy
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_____ - hormonally mediated disorder leading to ascending uterine infections
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pyometra
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What are the ways to determine pregnancy in dogs?
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ultrasound
palp - 3 wks a/f LH peak x-ray - (>45 days - a/f skeleton has mineralized) relaxin a/f day 28 (only hormone that is not produced during DE) |
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When would you administer a mismating shot?
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day 0, 3 & 5 a/f mating
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Superfecundation is common in _____.
a) cats b) dogs |
a) cats
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T or F
Cats usually cycle in spring and give birth in fall. |
T
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What hormone is used to dx pregnancy in horses b/w days 35 and 150?
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eCG - equine chorionic gonadotropin
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If eCG is too low at 35 days in horse what could be sequel?
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abortion
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If a horse has a high eCG during days 35-150 can this definitively dx pregnancy?
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no b/c eCG remains high during this time period even after abortion
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What is the only spp that does not need CL to end gestation?
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horse
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What is the gestation period for horses?
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11 months (330-350 days)
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