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8 Cards in this Set
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explain the relationship between the length and overall complexity of digestive systems of a vertebrate herbivore and a vertebrate carnivore with respect to: – the chemical composition of their diet – the functions of the structures involved Herbivores |
The main component of a herbivore’s diet is plant material. Most of the mass of plant material is made up of cellulose. They have flat teeth to grind the fibrous plant material. Plant material is difficult to breakdown compared to animal material. Herbivores use the help of micro-organisms to help digest the cellulose. This digestion can occur in two places: - FORE-GUT FERMENTERS: This type of herbivore (e.g. cows) digests their food in a chamber before the stomach called the rumen - HIND-GUT FERMENTERS: This type of herbivore (e.g. horses) digests its food in a chamber after the small intestine called the caecum. Compared to meat, the plant material is low in energy. Plants also take longer and are harder to digest than meat. This means that herbivores have to constantly eat to survive. The digestive systems of herbivores are a lot larger and longer than that of carnivores. This is because plants take longer to digest. |
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explain the relationship between the length and overall complexity of digestive systems of a vertebrate herbivore and a vertebrate carnivore with respect to: – the chemical composition of their diet – the functions of the structures involved Carnivores |
The main component of their diet is meat. Meat is high in energy and is relatively easy to digest. This means that the digestive systems of carnivores are short compared to herbivores and also have to specialized organs like the caecum or rumen. They have very short large intestines, as the meat has already been absorbed in the small intestine |
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compare the roles of respiratory,circulatory and excretory systems |
Respiratory- Take in oxygen to get rid of CO2. Oxygen- is used in metabolic reactions for life Circulatory- Circulates fluids so that nutrients can reach all parts of structure and get rid of wastes Excretory- Gets rid of any unwanted substances |
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identify and compare the gaseousexchange surfaces in an insect |
Insects have a system of branching tubes within their bodies called tracheae. Tracheae are open to the external environment by spiracles (these are poresalong the body of the insect). The tracheae branch throughout the tissues of the insect, bringing air directlyto the body cells As insects are small, the surface area of tracheae is sufficient for the organism |
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identify and compare the gaseousexchange surfaces in a fish |
The respiratory system in fish is called gills. The gills have a plentiful blood supply (they are very red), and so the gasses diffuse directly into the blood supply. The gills are made up of many finger-like filaments; this creates a large SA. The water enters the mouth, flows over the gills and out of the operculum. Diffusion of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out occurs at the same time, as water only flow in one direction |
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identify and compare the gaseousexchange surfaces in a frog |
Frogs have two respiratory surfaces: skin and lungs. There is a well-developed blood supply to the skin of frogs This enables the diffusion of gasses directly through the skin Oxygen from the air diffuses into the moist skin and is transferred by the blood to the heart, where it is pumped to the rest of the body Frogs also have simple lungs, with smaller surface areas than mammals The lungs hang in the abdominal cavity and air passes in and out by the pumping movement of the floor of the mouth (buccal pump) |
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identify and compare the gaseousexchange surfaces in a mammal |
The gas exchange organs are the lungs. They are inside the body to prevent drying out The surface area is very large, as the lungs are divided into lobes, which are divided into bronchioles which end up as alveoli The is a very plentiful blood supply, to ensure efficient diffusion of gasses |
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explain the relationship between therequirements of cells and the needfor transport systems in multicellularorganisms |
- In unicellular organisms, all nutrients needed can be diffused from the external environment over their surface area - Wastes can just be removed from cells by diffusion as well - However, in multicellular organisms, the surface area is not great enough to provide nutrients for all the organisms cells - Transport systems are used to carry nutrients to all the body’s cells and to carry wastes away - Transports systems provide all the needs of organisms |
