Patterns In Nature

Front 1

Who made the microscope

Back 1

Hans and Zacharius Jassen - 1590. Two convex lenses wooden tube.

Hint 1

Names date description

Front 2

Robert Hooke

Back 2

1663. Invented compound microscope in form we know today (mounted it and provided light source and adjustment knob) observed cork and coined term cell.

Front 3

Anton Van Leuwenhock

Back 3

1674 - Discovered little animals (bacteria) with microscope

Front 4

Robert Brown

Back 4

1801 - Discovered Nucleus

Front 5

Schleiden and Schwann

Back 5

1838 - Proposed cell theory 1 and 2, realised both animals and plants have cells

Front 6

Rudolf Virchow

Back 6

1855 - Cell theory 3, disproved spontaneous generation

Front 7

Levels of Orgainisation

Back 7

Atom → molecule → macromolecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → orgainism

Front 8

Animal Cell

Back 8

Cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria

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Plant Cell

Back 9

Cell wall, vacuole (large), chloroplast

Hint 9

Just unique stuff

Front 10

Cytoplasm

Back 10

Liquid in which the parts of the cell are suspended. Allows chemical reactions to take place

Front 11

Nucleus

Back 11

Control centre of the cell, RNA and DNA stored here

Front 12

Cell Membrane

Back 12

Regulates what enters and leaves cell

Front 13

Chloroplasts

Back 13

Site of photosynthesis

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Vacuole

Back 14

Stores minerals, salts, sugars, and amino acids

Front 15

Cell Wall

Back 15

Provides support and structure for the cell

Front 16

Centrioles

Back 16

Allows cell to carry out mitosis

Front 17

Cytoskeleton

Back 17

Keeps organelles in place

Front 18

Mitochondria

Back 18

Powerhouse of the cell. Site of respiration

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Lysomes

Back 19

Destroys foreign invaders or old/damaged organelles

Front 20

Golgi Body

Back 20

Processes products coming in and out of cell

Front 21

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 21

Connection of pathways between nucleus and cell

Front 22

Ribosomes

Back 22

Protein synthesis

Front 23

Eucaryotic Cell

Back 23

Bound organelles, genetic material contained within nucleus

Front 24

Procaryotic Cell

Back 24

Do not have genetic material separated from cytoplasm

Front 25

Organic Compounds

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Chemical substances that are synthesised by living things. Contain C and H. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins

Front 26

Inorganic Compounds

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Part of the inanimate, non living world. Do not contain C combined with H. Mineral salts, water, carbon dioxide, oxygen.

Front 27

Carbohydrates

Back 27

Organic molecule. Formula - Cx (H2O)y

Front 28

Sugars

Back 28

Source of quick energy. Used in respiration. Form of energy that a cell needs to carry out its functions.

Front 29

Monosaccarides

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Simple sugars consisting of single units. Glucose, fructose.

Front 30

Disaccarides

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Complex sugars consisting of two units. Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Front 31

Polysaccarides

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Complex polymers consisting of more than 5 units.

Front 32

Cellulose

Back 32

Poly. Structural part of cell walls. Joins with lignin binds cell walls.

Front 33

Starch

Back 33

Poly. Stored energy in plant cells. Insoluble

Front 34

Glycogen

Back 34

Form of stored energy in granules in animal cells. Insoluble

Front 35

Lipids

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Contain C, H, and few O. Insoluble/water repelant. Made of glycerol molecule to which fatty acids attatch. Fats - animals, oils - plants.

Front 36

Lipids Use

Back 36

Structural part of membrane. Biological fuel - large quantities of energy. Stored in cytoplasm as oil or fat droplets.

Front 37

Proteins/Amino acids

Back 37

Proteins - large complex macromolecules made up of long chains of amino acids. Each chain is called a polypeptide. C, H, O, N. Amini acids held together by peptide bonds. Polypeptides twisted in particular shape to form proteins. 20 amino acids the sequence of which determines the protein formed.

Front 38

Protein Use

Back 38

Structural compenents of cells. Regulate what enters and leaves cells (carrier proteins).

Front 39

Phospholipid Bilayer

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Hydrophilic phosphate

Glycerol

Hydrophobic fatty acids

Makes up cell membrane. Carbohydrate chains poke out of it, transport proteins hover in it.

Front 40

Passive Movement

Back 40

The movement of material in and out of cells that requires no energy input.

Front 41

Active Movement

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Movement in and out of cell which requires energy input.

Front 42

Diffusion

Back 42

The movement of any molucule across a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. E.g oxygen diffuses from air into lungs, from cells of lungs to blood capilleries of lungs. Carbon dioxide diffuses from air to leaves.

Front 43

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 43

Method of moving large or electrically charged molecules that cannot pass through the membrane unaided along the concentration gradient. Absorption of mineral salts.

Front 44

Channel Protein

Back 44

Fast. Direct passage from one side of cell membrane to another. Designed for specific type of molecule. Can open and close based on electrical or physical signals.

Front 45

Carrier Protein

Back 45

Binds with solute then changes shape to move it to other side of membrane. Slower as proteins may become saturated.

Front 46

Osmosis

Back 46

Movement of water molecules across concentratiom gradient. Passive. Water is charged therefore moves through protein channels in all membranes called aquaporrin. Semi permeable membrane. Affected by solute concentration and pressure.

Front 47

Active Transport

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Movement of molecules against concentration gradient. E.g reabsorption of glucose by kidneys. Requires energy input.

Front 48

SA:V

Back 48

Ratio of surface area to volume of an object. SA amount of object exposed to its surroundings, V amount of space which an object occupies.

Front 49

Starch Test

Back 49

Iodine. Positive Purple/black

Front 50

Glucose Test

Back 50

Benedicts Solution. Heat - water bath. Positive orange/red

Front 51

Protein Test

Back 51

Biruets - 5 drops sodium hydroxide, 3 drops copper sulfate. Positive purple.

Front 52

Lignin Test

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5 drops toluidine blue. Positive blue/green.

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Chloride Ions Test

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5 drops silver nitrate. Positive white precipate forms.

Front 54

Lipids Test

Back 54

Brown paper. Positive transperant.

Front 55

Organic Nutrients

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Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, nucleotides, vitamins. Stored energy and structure.

Front 56

Inorganic Nutrients

Back 56

Minerals, phosphates, sodium ions, chloride ions, water. Structure. E.g. phosphate in phospholipid bilayer.

Front 57

Autotrophs

Back 57

Produce their own food through photo/chemosynthesis. Use energy from breaking chemical bonds to power their food making.

Front 58

Heterotrophs

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Unable to make their own food. Must take in organic and inorganic nutrients by eating other orgainisms.

Front 59

Requirements for Photosynthesis

Back 59

CO2, H2O, chlorophyll, light

Front 60

Fossil Fuels and Photosynthesis

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Fossil fuels are formed from photosynthetic orgainisms as a result of immense pressure over time.

Front 61

Photosynthesis is...

Back 61

A series of biochemical reactions

Front 62

Photosynthesis - Light Phase

Back 62

Energy of sun is captured by chlorophyll in thylakoids. Energy is sufficient to excite an electron to a higher level of energy and break away from chloroplast molecule. Happens when is exposed to light. Does either - split water into H used in next phase and O makes O2 gas and is released OR used to form ATP high energy compound which provides cell with energy

Front 63

Photosynthesis - Dark Phase

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Uses CO2 and H from light phase no chlorophyll or light. CO2 and H combine to form glucose (calvin cycle). ATP produced in last stage provides energy for this and is incorparated into new sugar compounds. Then converted to starch to be stored.

Front 64

Cell Theory Point 1

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All living things are made of cells

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Cell Theory Point 2

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Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of orgainisms

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Cell Theory Point 3

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All cells are made from pre-existing cells