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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How much total body water does extracellular fluid account for?
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1/3
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How much total body water does intracellular fluid account for?
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2/3
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What units are used to describe body fluid volumes?
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moles, equivalents, pH, buffers, diffusion, and osmosis
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What organelle is affected in Tay Sach's disease?
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lysosomes lack a specific enzyme to degrade materials
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What functions do the RER and SER perform in the cell?
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RER: protein synthesis
SER: lipid transportation or androgen production |
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What is the difference between transcription and translation?
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Transcription: DNA --> RNA
Translation: RNA --> protein |
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What are the 3 types of neurons?
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sensory, interneuron, motor
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What are the four zones of the nueron?
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1. receptor/dendritic
2. site where action potential is propagated 3. axonal process 4. nerve endings |
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What are the 2 types of physiochemical changes that can occur in the neuron?
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non-propagated (synaptic, generator, electrochemical potentials)
propagated (action potential/nerve impulse) |
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What are neutrophins?
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Proteins that support the neuron (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4, NT-5)
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What is the difference between Schwann cells and Oligodendrogliocytes?
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Schwann cells exist in the PNS
Oligodendrogliocytes exist in the CNS |
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Describe the 3 kinds of muscle.
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Skeletal: striated, voluntary, multinucleated, surrounded by sarcolemma, constitute 40-50% of body weight
Cardiac: involuntary, intercalated disks allow efficient contraction Smooth: nonstriated, involuntary, found in hollow organs |
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What ions are responsible for depolarization? repolarization?
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NA influx = depolarization
K efflux = repolarization |
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Describe the contractile mechanism.
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-activated by an action potential
-Twitch: single AP causes brief contraction followed by relaxation -myosin: thick filament -actin: thin filament -sarcomere: basic functional unit of contraction in skeletal system separated by Z lines -for contraction to occur myosin and actin attach to one another to form bridges to allow myofilaments to slide past one another -calcium is required for muscle contraction and is stored in the ER of smooth muscle |
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What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction?
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Isotonic: contraction against a constant load with approximation of ends of muscle
Isometric: contraction that does not involve appreciable decrease in muscle length |
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Describe Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and Becker's Muscular dystrophy.
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Muscular dystrophy: group of genetic disorders characterized by muscle atrophy due to mutation in genes for muscle proteins (dystrophin)
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: serious X-linked disorder caused by absence of dystrophin protein Becker's muscular dystrophy: dystrophin protein present but either altered or reduced |
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What are the 3 layers of the eye?
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Sclera: outer protective layer that forms the transparent cornea
Choroid: contains blood vessels Retina: contains rods, cones, bipolar cels, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells |
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What fibers form the optic nerve?
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ganglion cell axons
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Which muscles constrict/dilate the pupil?
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constriction is achieved by circular muscle fibers
radial fibers dilate the pupil |
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What is the difference between gelatinous vitreous humor nad the aqueous humor?
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Gelatinous vitreous humor: space between lens and retina
Aqueous humor: clear liquid that nourishes the cornea and lens, produced in ciliary body, reabsorbed via trabeculae into the Canal of Schlemm |
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Where is there the greatest visual acuity?
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Fovea/Macula lutea
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What is the neural pathway of vision?
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ganglion cells --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tract --> lateral geniculate body --> geniculocarine tract --> occipital lobes
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What are rods responsible for? Cones?
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Rods: night vision, contain rhodopsin
Cones: day and color vision, contain blue, green, and red |
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What causes a hyperpolarizing receptor potential in vision?
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closing of Na channels in the outer segments of rods and cones (occurs in the dark)
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What area of the occipital lobe is responsible for color vision?
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V8
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What are the muscles that move the eye up, down, side to side, and rotate?
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Rectus Muscles (4): side to side, up and down
Oblique muscles: rotation |
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What kind of color blindness is most common?
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Red-Green
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What is homonymous hemianopia? heteronymous hemianopia?
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Homonymous: half blindness at the same side of both visual fields due to lesion in optic pathway
Heteronymous: half blindness at opposite ends of visual fields |
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What are the 3 parts of the ear? What structures do they contain?
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External ear: consists of auricle/pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Middle Ear: contains the three ear bones (malleus, incus, and stapes), auditory (Eustachian) tube which connects the middle ear to the throat Inner Ear (labyrinth): contains mechanoreceptors for hearing in the chochlea known as the Organ of Corti and mechanoreceptors for balance known as cristae ampullaris |
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Describe the Organ of Corti.
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Responsible for hearing
Contains hair cells in 4 rows (3 outer and 1 inner) Hair cells are innervated by cochlear division of CVIII Hearing pathway: Organ of Corti --> dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei --> inferior colliculi --> medial geniculate body --> auditory cortex |
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Describe the action potentials involved in equilibrium.
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stereocilium is pushed towards a taller stereocilium causing the opening of cation channels to open via tip link
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Describe the utricle and saccule.
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contains hair cells embedded in a gelatinous membrane with CaCO3 crystals called otoliths
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There are patches of hair in the organ of corti, utricle, sacculus, and semicircular canals. What are they responsible for?
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Hair cells in the organ of Corti: hearing
Utricle: horizontal acceleration Sacculus: vertical acceleration Semicircular canals: rotation |
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Describe: conduction deafness, nerve deafness, central deafness, otosclerosis, and presbycusis
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Conduction deafness: impairment of one of the structures that transmits vibrations (punctured eardrum, arthritis of auditory bones)
Nerve deafness: impairment of CVIII or the receptors for hearing in the cochlea, can occur as a complication from viral infections Central deafness: damage to auditory areas in temporal lobes, very rare Otosclerosis: inherited bone disorder of stapes Presbycusis: progressive nerve deafness associated with age |
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What is the taste receptor for Umami? Salty?
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Umami: L-glutamate, mGluR4
Salty: Alpha and gamma, ENaC |
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What is ageusia? hypogeusia? dysgeusia?
*What medications can cause a temporary loss of taste sensation |
Ageusia: lack of taste sensation
Hypogeusia: diminished sense of taste Dysgeusia: disturbed sense of taste *captopril and penicillamine |
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sequence of events for contraction
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-discharge of motor neuron
-release of ACh - binding of ACh and nAChR -increase K and Na conductance -generation of end plate potential -generation of action potential in muscle fibers -inward spread of depolarization along T-tubules -release of Ca from sacrcoplasmic reticulum and diffusion to thick/thin filaments -binding of Ca to troponin C which uncovers myosin binding sites on actin -formation of cross link bridges |
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sequence of events for relaxation
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-Ca pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
-release of Ca from troponin -cessation of actin myosin interaction |
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which colliculi is associated with hearing?
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inferior colliculi
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sequence of events in phototransduction
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-incident light
-structural change in retinene -conformational change of photopigment -activation of transducin -activation of phosphodiesterase -closure of Na channels -hyperpolarization -decreased release of transmitter -response in bipolar cells and other neural elements |