Pathopysiology

Front 1

How much total body water does extracellular fluid account for?

Back 1

1/3

Front 2

How much total body water does intracellular fluid account for?

Back 2

2/3

Front 3

What units are used to describe body fluid volumes?

Back 3

moles, equivalents, pH, buffers, diffusion, and osmosis

Front 4

What organelle is affected in Tay Sach's disease?

Back 4

lysosomes lack a specific enzyme to degrade materials

Front 5

What functions do the RER and SER perform in the cell?

Back 5

RER: protein synthesis

SER: lipid transportation or androgen production

Front 6

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

Back 6

Transcription: DNA --> RNA

Translation: RNA --> protein

Front 7

What are the 3 types of neurons?

Back 7

sensory, interneuron, motor

Front 8

What are the four zones of the nueron?

Back 8

1. receptor/dendritic
2. site where action potential is propagated
3. axonal process
4. nerve endings

Front 9

What are the 2 types of physiochemical changes that can occur in the neuron?

Back 9

non-propagated (synaptic, generator, electrochemical potentials)

propagated (action potential/nerve impulse)

Front 10

What are neutrophins?

Back 10

Proteins that support the neuron (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4, NT-5)

Front 11

What is the difference between Schwann cells and Oligodendrogliocytes?

Back 11

Schwann cells exist in the PNS

Oligodendrogliocytes exist in the CNS

Front 12

Describe the 3 kinds of muscle.

Back 12

Skeletal: striated, voluntary, multinucleated, surrounded by sarcolemma, constitute 40-50% of body weight

Cardiac: involuntary, intercalated disks allow efficient contraction

Smooth: nonstriated, involuntary, found in hollow organs

Front 13

What ions are responsible for depolarization? repolarization?

Back 13

NA influx = depolarization

K efflux = repolarization

Front 14

Describe the contractile mechanism.

Back 14

-activated by an action potential
-Twitch: single AP causes brief contraction followed by relaxation
-myosin: thick filament
-actin: thin filament
-sarcomere: basic functional unit of contraction in skeletal system separated by Z lines
-for contraction to occur myosin and actin attach to one another to form bridges to allow myofilaments to slide past one another
-calcium is required for muscle contraction and is stored in the ER of smooth muscle

Front 15

What is the difference between isotonic and isometric contraction?

Back 15

Isotonic: contraction against a constant load with approximation of ends of muscle

Isometric: contraction that does not involve appreciable decrease in muscle length

Front 16

Describe Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and Becker's Muscular dystrophy.

Back 16

Muscular dystrophy: group of genetic disorders characterized by muscle atrophy due to mutation in genes for muscle proteins (dystrophin)

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy: serious X-linked disorder caused by absence of dystrophin protein

Becker's muscular dystrophy: dystrophin protein present but either altered or reduced

Front 17

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

Back 17

Sclera: outer protective layer that forms the transparent cornea

Choroid: contains blood vessels

Retina: contains rods, cones, bipolar cels, ganglion cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells

Front 18

What fibers form the optic nerve?

Back 18

ganglion cell axons

Front 19

Which muscles constrict/dilate the pupil?

Back 19

constriction is achieved by circular muscle fibers

radial fibers dilate the pupil

Front 20

What is the difference between gelatinous vitreous humor nad the aqueous humor?

Back 20

Gelatinous vitreous humor: space between lens and retina

Aqueous humor: clear liquid that nourishes the cornea and lens, produced in ciliary body, reabsorbed via trabeculae into the Canal of Schlemm

Front 21

Where is there the greatest visual acuity?

Back 21

Fovea/Macula lutea

Front 22

What is the neural pathway of vision?

Back 22

ganglion cells --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm --> optic tract --> lateral geniculate body --> geniculocarine tract --> occipital lobes

Front 23

What are rods responsible for? Cones?

Back 23

Rods: night vision, contain rhodopsin

Cones: day and color vision, contain blue, green, and red

Front 24

What causes a hyperpolarizing receptor potential in vision?

Back 24

closing of Na channels in the outer segments of rods and cones (occurs in the dark)

Front 25

What area of the occipital lobe is responsible for color vision?

Back 25

V8

Front 26

What are the muscles that move the eye up, down, side to side, and rotate?

Back 26

Rectus Muscles (4): side to side, up and down

Oblique muscles: rotation

Front 27

What kind of color blindness is most common?

Back 27

Red-Green

Front 28

What is homonymous hemianopia? heteronymous hemianopia?

Back 28

Homonymous: half blindness at the same side of both visual fields due to lesion in optic pathway

Heteronymous: half blindness at opposite ends of visual fields

Front 29

What are the 3 parts of the ear? What structures do they contain?

Back 29

External ear: consists of auricle/pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Middle Ear: contains the three ear bones (malleus, incus, and stapes), auditory (Eustachian) tube which connects the middle ear to the throat

Inner Ear (labyrinth): contains mechanoreceptors for hearing in the chochlea known as the Organ of Corti and mechanoreceptors for balance known as cristae ampullaris

Front 30

Describe the Organ of Corti.

Back 30

Responsible for hearing
Contains hair cells in 4 rows (3 outer and 1 inner)
Hair cells are innervated by cochlear division of CVIII

Hearing pathway: Organ of Corti --> dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei --> inferior colliculi --> medial geniculate body --> auditory cortex

Front 31

Describe the action potentials involved in equilibrium.

Back 31

stereocilium is pushed towards a taller stereocilium causing the opening of cation channels to open via tip link

Front 32

Describe the utricle and saccule.

Back 32

contains hair cells embedded in a gelatinous membrane with CaCO3 crystals called otoliths

Front 33

There are patches of hair in the organ of corti, utricle, sacculus, and semicircular canals. What are they responsible for?

Back 33

Hair cells in the organ of Corti: hearing

Utricle: horizontal acceleration

Sacculus: vertical acceleration

Semicircular canals: rotation

Front 34

Describe: conduction deafness, nerve deafness, central deafness, otosclerosis, and presbycusis

Back 34

Conduction deafness: impairment of one of the structures that transmits vibrations (punctured eardrum, arthritis of auditory bones)

Nerve deafness: impairment of CVIII or the receptors for hearing in the cochlea, can occur as a complication from viral infections

Central deafness: damage to auditory areas in temporal lobes, very rare

Otosclerosis: inherited bone disorder of stapes

Presbycusis: progressive nerve deafness associated with age

Front 35

What is the taste receptor for Umami? Salty?

Back 35

Umami: L-glutamate, mGluR4

Salty: Alpha and gamma, ENaC

Front 36

What is ageusia? hypogeusia? dysgeusia?

*What medications can cause a temporary loss of taste sensation

Back 36

Ageusia: lack of taste sensation

Hypogeusia: diminished sense of taste

Dysgeusia: disturbed sense of taste

*captopril and penicillamine

Front 37

sequence of events for contraction

Back 37

-discharge of motor neuron
-release of ACh
- binding of ACh and nAChR
-increase K and Na conductance
-generation of end plate potential
-generation of action potential in muscle fibers
-inward spread of depolarization along T-tubules
-release of Ca from sacrcoplasmic reticulum and diffusion to thick/thin filaments
-binding of Ca to troponin C which uncovers myosin binding sites on actin
-formation of cross link bridges

Front 38

sequence of events for relaxation

Back 38

-Ca pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
-release of Ca from troponin
-cessation of actin myosin interaction

Front 39

which colliculi is associated with hearing?

Back 39

inferior colliculi

Front 40

sequence of events in phototransduction

Back 40

-incident light
-structural change in retinene
-conformational change of photopigment
-activation of transducin
-activation of phosphodiesterase
-closure of Na channels
-hyperpolarization
-decreased release of transmitter
-response in bipolar cells and other neural elements