Pathophysiology Test 1

Front 1

Hyperventilation, Retain more bicarb, excrete more H

Back 1

Metabolic Acidosis

Front 2

Respiratory Acidosis

Back 2

additional bicarb retention and H+ excretion by kidneys

Front 3

Hypoventilation, kidneys retain H+ and excrete bicarb

Back 3

Metabolic Alkalosis

Front 4

excretion of bicarb, kidneys retain H+

Back 4

respiratory alkalosis

Front 5

normal level of sodium

Back 5

136-145

Front 6

normal level of magnesium

Back 6

1.3-2.1

Front 7

normal level of calcium

Back 7

9-10.5

Front 8

normal level of chloride

Back 8

98-106

Front 9

normal level of potassium

Back 9

3.5-5

Front 10

normal level of phosphorus

Back 10

3-4.5

Front 11

preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin
(can be found in the cervix, skin, oral cavity, esophagus and bronchus)

Back 11

Carcinoma in situ

Front 12

cancer cell's independence from normal cellular controls

Back 12

Autonomy

Front 13

lack of cellular differentiation or specialization, primitive cells

Back 13

Anaplasia

Front 14

abnormal proliferating cells possessing a higher degree of autonomy than normal cells

Back 14

Neoplasia

Front 15

Stage 1 of cancer spread

Back 15

cancer confined to organ of origin

Front 16

Stage 2 of cancer spread

Back 16

cancer is locally invasive

Front 17

Stage 3 of cancer spread

Back 17

cancer has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes

Front 18

Stage 4 of cancer spread

Back 18

cancer has spread to distant sites

Front 19

when some cancer secrete growth factors that stimulate their own growth

Back 19

autocrine stimulation

Front 20

stimulates cell growth even when growth factors are missing

Back 20

RAS

Front 21

when cells self destruct
(triggered by diverse stimuli, including normal development and excessive growth)

Back 21

Apoptosis

Front 22

when more advanced cancers can secrete factors that stimulate new blood vessel growth

Back 22

Angiogenesis

Front 23

the HALLMARK of cancer cells

Back 23

Immortality

Front 24

responsible for the majority of peptic ulcer disease, gastric lymphomas, and gastric carcinomas

Back 24

H. pylori

Front 25

Steps of Metastasis

Back 25

1- invasion
2- Cell Detachment
3- Dissemination
4- Arrest and Establishment
5- Proliferation and Angiogenesis

Front 26

Steps of Local Invasion

Back 26

1- cellular replication
2- pressure on other surrounding tissue or cells because of increased motility of the tumor cells
3- release of litit enzymes
4- decrease of cell to cell adhesion(makes cells slippery), loss of fibernactin(cell anchoring)

Front 27

Cell Detachment

Back 27

cells break off and separate from their primary site to get into the lymph and blood (tumor of just a few grams can shed millions of cells each day)

Front 28

Dissemination

Back 28

cell is shed into the vessels and get trapped in the first lymph node they encounter (sentinel node)

Front 29

Arrest and Establishment

Back 29

whatever lymph node or blood vessel the cancer cells end up at, they will break out and get into that organ or structure and implant

Front 30

Proliferation and Angiogenesis

Back 30

starts once they break through organ or structure and have grown at least 2 cm in the distal tissue

Front 31

make cell more responsive to growth factors which may make it grow faster

Back 31

Glycolipids

Front 32

decreases the immunes recognition of what is going on because communication has been lost

Back 32

Glycoproteins

Front 33

plays a role with secretion of enzymes that break down the cellular protein- opens the cell up which increases the spread of proliferation

Back 33

Protease

Front 34

cancer can break off and leave because there is nothing holding it down (matrix is lost)

Back 34

Altered anchoring/gap junctions

Front 35

this anchors the cell- when it is lost the cell can break loose and metastasize to other parts of the body

Back 35

Fibronectin

Front 36

substances produced by cancer cells that are found on tumor plasma membranes or in the blood, spinal fluid or urine

Back 36

Tumor cell markers

Front 37

T of Tumor Staging

Back 37

primary TUMOR: number equals size of tumor and its local extent

Front 38

N of Tumor Staging

Back 38

lymph NODE involvement: a higher number means more nodes are involved

Front 39

M of tumor staging

Back 39

extent of distant METASTASES

Front 40

when cells show an increase in nuclear size, ongoing proliferation and are of variable size and shape

Back 40

Anaplasia

Front 41

failure of menarche and absence of menstruation by age 14 with no development of secondary sex characteristics or absence of menstruation by age 16 regardless of presence of sex characteristics

Back 41

Primary Amenorrhea

Front 42

absence of menstruation for 3 or more cycles/6 mos. in women who have previously menstruated

Back 42

Secondary Amenorrhea

Front 43

when puberty is classified as precocious

Back 43

- < age 6 in black girls
- < age 7 in white girls
- < age 9 in boys

Front 44

difference of the charges in the cell ( -70 to -85)

Back 44

Resting Membrane Potential

Front 45

form of intracellular communication

Back 45

protein channels

Front 46

form of extracellular communication

Back 46

chemical messengers

Front 47

nerve cells stimulate movement by creating an electric potential

Back 47

conductivity

Front 48

garbage bin of the cell

Back 48

lysosomes

Front 49

responsible for ATP and energy production of the cell

Back 49

Mitochondria

Front 50

easily pass across plasma membrane

Back 50

lipids, urea and Oxygen

Front 51

do not readily pass through plasma membrane ( need assistance)

Back 51

albumin and globulins

Front 52

Must move across plasma membrane in order for muscle contraction to occur

Back 52

sodium
potassium
calcium
chloride

Front 53

activates the Na/K pump by initiating a stimulus that exceeds the threshold value

Back 53

action potential

Front 54

action potential initiated, sodium moves in, cells becomes more positively charged

Back 54

depolarization

Front 55

when the cell cannot respond to any other stimuli until it hits -60 millivolts

Back 55

Absolute Refractory Period

Front 56

female with only 1 x chromosome
- sterile, no ovaries, short stature, under developed breasts, edema(from extra fluid), usually inherited from mom

Back 56

Turner Syndrome

Front 57

decrease of shrinkage in cell size
most common in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex organs and the brain

Back 57

Atrophy

Front 58

normal, occurs with early development
(thymus gland during childhood)

Back 58

Physiologic Atrophy

Front 59

occurs as a result of decreases in workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition or hormonal and nervous stimulation (aging brain cells)

Back 59

Pathologic Atrophy

Front 60

increase in size of cell which causes an increased size of the affected organ

Back 60

hypertrophy

Front 61

True/ False : Hypertrophy is caused by an increase in cellular fluid.

Back 61

False: The increased cellular size is associated with an increased accumulation of protein in the cellular components(plasma membrane, ER, myofilaments and mitochondria)

Front 62

increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division

Back 62

Hyperplasia

Front 63

an adaptive mechanism that allows certain organs to regenerate
Example: Removal of part of the liver leads to ______ of the remaining liver cells.

Back 63

Compensatory Hyperplasia

Front 64

After ovulation, estrogen stimulates the endometrium to grow and thicken in preparation for receiving the fertilized ovum. If pregnancy occurs, _______ as well as hypertrophy, enables the uterus to enlarge.

Back 64

Hormonal Hyperplasia

Front 65

the abnormal proliferation of normal cells, usually in response to excessive hormonal stimulation or growth

Back 65

Pathologic Hyperplasia

Front 66

this occurs in the endometrium which causes excess menstrual bleeding

Back 66

Pathologic Hyperplasia

Front 67

this occurs when the cervix is subjected to chronic inflammation or infection

Back 67

Dysplasia

Front 68

when cells are injured from lack of Oxygen (most common cause of cellular injury)

Back 68

Hypoxia

Front 69

decreased blood supply (most common cause of hypoxia)

Back 69

Ischemia