Pathophysiology Test 1

Front 1

Specific pathological condition

Back 1

Disease

Front 2

What causes the disease

Back 2

Etiology

Front 3

What the patient experiences, subjective

Back 3

Symptom

Front 4

Objective parameter, usually quantitative, that another observer will find

Back 4

Sign

Front 5

Cluster of indications

Back 5

Syndrome

Front 6

Not normal with a particular disease

Back 6

Complication

Front 7

Normal, anticipated events that are associated with disease

Back 7

Sequelae

Front 8

Sequence of events that lead to the disease signs and symptoms

Back 8

Pathogenesis

Front 9

predicting outcomes

Back 9

Prognosis

Front 10

The total number of cases of a particular disease at one point in time

Back 10

Prevalence

Front 11

Rate, the amount of number of cases over a period of time

Back 11

Incidence

Front 12

Rapid onset, short duration

Back 12

Acute

Front 13

Generally progressive, long lasting disease state

Back 13

Chronic

Front 14

The death rate

Back 14

Mortality

Front 15

An event or sign or symptom that influences daily activities

Back 15

Morbidity

Front 16

Tightly regulated, programmed cell death; no inflammatory response

Back 16

Apoptosis

Front 17

Unregulated, enzymatic digestion of a cell; inflammatory response

Back 17

Necrosis

Front 18

Decreased cell size

Back 18

Atrophy

Front 19

Increased cell sizenty

Back 19

Hypertrophy

Front 20

Increased number of cells

Back 20

Hyperplasia

Front 21

One cell type replaced by another cell type

Back 21

Metaplasia

Front 22

deranged cell growth with differing size, shape, appearance

Back 22

Dysplasia

Front 23

Anything/person capable of sustaining growth of another organism

Back 23

Host

Front 24

Presence of an organism in or on a host; not all are detrimental

Back 24

Infection (colonization)

Front 25

Disease producing potential

Back 25

Virulence

Front 26

High virulence, always associated with disease

Back 26

Pathogen

Front 27

Normally not disease producing, but able to produce disease in immune compromised hosts

Back 27

Opportunistic pathogens

Front 28

Consequences of viruses

Back 28

Cell lysis
Latency
Oncogenesis

Front 29

Cocci

Back 29

Spherical

Front 30

Spirilla

Back 30

Helical

Front 31

Bacilli

Back 31

Elongated, rod-shaped

Front 32

Spirochetes

Back 32

Cork screw rods, movement

Front 33

Rickettsiae

Back 33

Infect arthropods transmitted via bites

Front 34

Rickettsiae and chlamydiae

Back 34

Obligate intracellular pathogens
Rigid cell wall, asexual reproduction, containing RNA and DNA (like bacteria)

Front 35

Fungi

Back 35

Eukaryotic, normal human microflora
Usually self-limiting infections
Rarely systemic disease

Front 36

Dermaphytes

Back 36

Infection limited to skin
Superficial mycoses - ring worm, athlete's foot
Systemic mycoses - transplant patient

Front 37

Yeasts

Back 37

Normal flora of skin, GI tract, mucosa
Immune and bacterial competition keep them in check
Upset in balance = overgrowth

Front 38

Protozoa

Back 38

Unicellular with nucleus and organelles
Direct, indirect, and arthropod transmission

Front 39

Helminths

Back 39

Worm-like, reproduce asexually

Front 40

Ectoparasites

Back 40

Infest skin, local inflammation

Front 41

Mechanisms of entry

Back 41

Penetration
Direct contact
Ingestion
Inhalation

Front 42

Protracted, irregular course
Continuous or sporadic for months/years
Without adequate/complete convalescent period

Back 42

Chronic infection

Front 43

Progression of infection is resolution without symptoms

Back 43

Subclinical disease

Front 44

Protracted (prolonged) prodromal stage

Back 44

Insidious disease

Front 45

Abrupt onset of symptoms with little/no prodromal stage

Back 45

Fulminant infection

Front 46

Proteins released from pathogen
Modifies/inactivates cell function or death

Back 46

Exotoxin

Front 47

Lipid and polysaccharides of cell wall
Potent activators/inducers

Back 47

Endotoxins

Front 48

How do capsules, mucous layers aid immune evasion?

Back 48

Decrease phagocytosis

Front 49

How do toxins aid immune evasion?

Back 49

Destroy phagocytic cells

Front 50

How do proteins aid immune evasion?

Back 50

Decrease antibody recognition

Front 51

How do altered cell membrane antigens aid immune evasion?

Back 51

Decrease immune recognition

Front 52

Humoral immunity

Back 52

B lymphocytes and antibodies
Primarily extracellular pathogens

Front 53

Cell mediated immunity

Back 53

T lymphocytes
Primarily for intracellular antigens

Front 54

Antibody effector functions

Back 54

Neutralization
Opsonization
Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Complement activation

Front 55

"Coating" of antigen by Ig increases efficiency of phagocytosis via Fc recfeptors on phagocytic cells

Back 55

Opsonization

Front 56

Punches hole in cell membranes

Back 56

Membrane attack complex

Front 57

Mediators of local inflammation, chemotactic for PMN, macrophages, otehrs

Back 57

By-products of complement

Front 58

Inadequate immune response

Back 58

Immunodeficiency

Front 59

Hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases

Back 59

Excessive immune response

Front 60

Autoimmune diseases

Back 60

Decreased tolerance to self antigens

Front 61

Inadequate immune response = infection

Back 61

Increased tolerance to foreign antigens

Front 62

Principle cells involved in Type 1 Hypersensitivity

Back 62

Mast cells
CD4+ T helper cells

Front 63

Type II hypersensitivity is directed against:

Back 63

Cell surface antigens

Front 64

Type III hypersensitivity

Back 64

Immune-complex mediated
Insoluble Ag-AB complexes (where they settle)

Front 65

Type IV hypersensitivity is mediated by

Back 65

Sensitized T cells

Front 66

Environmental factors for autoimmunity

Back 66

Decreased anergy
Release of normally sequestered antigens
Molecular mimicry
Superantigens

Front 67

Graves Disease

Back 67

B cells produce thyroid stimulating IgG which mimics TSH;
Increase T3/T4 from thyroid

Front 68

Myasthenia gravis

Back 68

Auto-antibodies against nicotinic receptors in NMJ