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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Sigh Breath
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1.5 X Tital volume;10-12 per hour; Stretch elastic properties of lungs with elastin and collegen, increase frequency with stress
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paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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left ventricular failure; fluid builds up in the ling while laying down
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Kussmaul Respiration
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Hyperpnea; increased RR and Tital volume; caused by met acidosis or exercise
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labored breathing
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caused by airway obstruction; increased effort, large TV; Slow RR
EX: barrel chest trapping of air |
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cheyne-stokes breathing
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deep then shallow breathing
Causes: abnormalty of flow to neural center (MI, Stroke) |
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hypoventilation (define and Paco2 level)
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inadequate aveolar ventilation to meet demand PaCo2 greater than 44, lack of neuro stimuli or COPD
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hyperventilation
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alveolar ventilation excedes demand, wasted effort. Paco2 less than 36
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Cor Pulmonale (ME)
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RHF secondary to long term pulm HTN, R heart needs to pump against pulm HTN causes failure
Causes:COPD, Cystic fibrosis, apnea |
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Causes of Hypoxemia- reduction in arterial PO2
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1. Decreased inspired O2- enclosed space/elevation
2. hypoventilation-neuro or COPD 3. diffusion abnormality-emphysema, fibrosis, edema 4. V/Q mismatch- asthma, chronic bronchitis, pnemonia 5. shunting- ARDS, atelectasis |
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Hypercapnia- excess of CO2 in blood (6 causes)
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Pulmonary edema
Pleural abnormality aspiration atelectasis bronchiectasis bronchiolitis |
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Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
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maximally inhales and maximally exhales
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Forced Expiratory Volume 1 sec (FEV1)
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amount of air forcefully exhaled on one second
Limited in: obstructive diseases such as asthma |
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Obstructive disorders (3)
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Asthma, emphysema, Bronchitis
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Asthma
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spastic contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle, decrease in lumen diameter
Cause- genetic, enviornmental |
Pathway: normal bronchiole muscle-sympathetic- epinephrine- diolation
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emphysema
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Cause- chronic infection/obstruction of bronchi causes trapping of air.Increase resistance and work, decrease capacity. cannot exhale due to obstruction, loss of crossectional area (diffusion abnormality)
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Bronchitis
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excessive mucus production, increase bronchial smooth muscle edema/hypertrophy. Caused by: inflammation or infection
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mucus glands hose out mucus, bronchoconstriction
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Restrictive Diseases (4)
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1. parynchmal disease- diffuse interstitial fibrosis (excessive collagen)2. pleural disease (pnumo)3. chest wall (scoliosis) 4. neuromuscular (Polio, MS) cant move diaphram
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Pneumoconiosis (occupational diseases)
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Cause: glass, asbestos, coal, cigs
Blocks airway in transition from bulk to diffuse flow can be obstructive and restrictive |
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atelectasis-collapse of lung tissue (2 types)
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Compression- tumor fluid or air in pleural space pushes on lung tissue
Absortion- removal of air from obstructed/hypoventilated alveoli |
absortion- removeal of air causes a decrease in pressure inside the aveolus
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bronchiolitis
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inflammatory obstruction of small airway
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results in: less air delivery, decrease in lumen diameter, reduction in V/Q; hypoxemia, hypercapnia
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Pulmonary edema (causes and 3 physio)
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Causes: ARDS, HF
1. swelling in interstitial space, 2.leads to alveolar edema and fluid crossing into air space, 3.obstructs lumen of alveolus |
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pulmonary edema prevention
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lymph drainage, balance capilary/interstitial hysrostatic and C/I oncotic pressure and capilary permeability
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Name 3 Diffusion abnormalities
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emphysema- loss of crossectional area (A)
Fibrosis- increase diffusion distance (T) Edema- increases diffusion distance (T) |
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V/Q mismatch (3)
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asthma- V
chronic bronchitis- V pnemonia- Q |
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What is V/Q and deadspace/ shunting
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V- air reaching alveoli (no ventilation is termed "shunt."
Q- blood reaches the alveoli An area with no perfusion termed dead space. |
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