Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Tell me the branches of the nervous system |
Nervous System - Central Nervous System - Brain - Spinal Cord - Peripheral Nervous System - Sensory Neurons - Motor Neurons - Somatic Nervous System - Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic - Parasympathetic |
|
|
What is the function of motor neurones |
CNS to muscles and glands - A nerve cell forming part of a pathway along which impulses pass from the brain or spinal cord to a muscle or gland. |
|
|
What is the function of the spinal cord |
Conducts signals to and from the brain Controls reflex activities |
|
|
What is the function of the brain |
- Receives and processes sensory information - Initiates responses - Storage, memories, generates thoughts and emotions |
|
|
What is the function of sensory neurones |
Nerve cells that transmit sensory information (sight, sound, feeling, etc.) to CNS (brain and spinal cord) |
|
|
What does the somatic nervous system do? |
Controls voluntary movements |
|
|
What does the autonomic nervous system do? |
Controls involuntary reponses |
|
|
What is the sympathetic nervous system? |
A part of the nervous system that serves to accelerate the heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure (fight or flight) |
|
|
What is the parasympathetic nervous system? |
The part of the involuntary nervous system that serves to slow the heart rate, increase intestinal and glandular activity, and relax the sphincter muscles (rest and digest) |
|
|
What are neurones? |
- A specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell - Processes, transfers and stores information |
|
|
What is neuroglia? |
- The connective tissue of the nervous system - For support, regulation and protection of neurones |
|
|
What is the synapse |
The connection between a neurone and a second cell - Release of neurotransmitters |
|
|
What is the resting potential of an axon |
-70mV |
|
|
What is an action potential |
The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell |
|
|
Describe the Action Potential |
1. Sodium channels open - sodium influx 2. Reaches threshold, more sodium channels open - sodium influx (depolarisation) 3. +30mV - sodium channels shut. Potassium channels open. Potassium efflux 4. Potassium channels close when mV is <-70mV |
|
|
What is the All-or-None law? |
Under given conditions, the response of a nerve to a stimuli at any strength above threshold (-50mV) is the same. The nerve responds completely or not at all |
|
|
Tell me about Acetylcholine |
In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in - skeletal muscle movement - excitatory - the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle - inhibitory |
|
|
What diseases can occur from an imbalance in Acetylcholine |
Acetylcholine-Dopamind imbalance: Parkinson's disease Acetylcholine decline: Alzheimers disease |
|
|
Tell me about Norepinephrine |
- Controls the overall activity and mood of the mind - Activates cardiac muscle |
|
|
What can occur from an imbalance in Norepinephrine? |
- lack of motivation - Eating disorders - Diminished energy - Possible depression |
|
|
Tell me about serotonin |
Regulates - Emotions - Judgement - Sleep - Eating |
|
|
Imbalances in serotonin |
- Depression - Anxiety - Impulsive behaviour - Eating disorders |
|
|
Tell me about Glutamate/GABA |
Involved in most facets of brain function. Is the major mediator of excitatory signals in the CNS |
|
|
Imbalances in GABA/Glutamate |
- Memory disturbances - Sleep disturbances - Anxiety |
|
|
Tell me about dopamine |
Involved in mood, movement and memory |
|
|
Imbalances in dopamine |
- Movement disorders - Schizophrenia - Addiction |
|
|
What are endorphins? |
Endorphins are endogenous opioid neuropeptides. They are produced by the central nervous system and pituitary gland |
|
|
What can opiates do? |
- Can change the brain stem, an area that controls automatic body functions - Can depress breathing - Can change the limbic system, which controls emotions to increase feelings of pleasure - Can block pain messages transmitted by the spinal cord from the body |
|
|
List some CNS neuroglia cell types |
- Astrocytes - Oligodendrocytes - Microglia - Ependymal cells |
|
|
List some PNS neuroglia cell types |
- Schwann cells - Satellite cells |
|
|
Tell me about Astrocytes |
- The largest and most numerous glial cells - Maintains the blood-brain-barrier - Performs repairs in damaged neural tissue - Guides neurone development - Controls the interstitial environment |
|
|
Tell me about Oligodendrocytes |
- Smaller and less numbered than Astrocytes - Myelin-multilayered membranous wrapping composed of 80% lipids and 20% protein - Wrap themselves around numerous axons at once - Cooperate in formation of myelin sheath around an axon |
|
|
Tell me about Microglia |
- Make up 20% of CNS glial cells - Participate in phagocytosis - Destroy invading virus and bacteria - Involved in the promotion of repair |
|
|
Tell me about Ependymal cells |
- They are cuboidal/columnar cells covered by cilia or microvilli - They line the ventricles/brain and central canal and spinal cavity - They secrete and circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord |
|
|
What do Schwann cells do? |
Produce myelin sheeth around an axon |
|
|
How does Myelination work? |
The schwann cell wraps around the axon and continues to, peaking at adolescence |
|
|
What are the four lobes of the brain? |
Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital |
|
|
What is the Frontal lobe involved in? |
- Problem solving - Thought - Voluntary movement - Speech motor - Purposeful acts - judgement, creativity, planning, maths |
|
|
What is the Temporal lobe involved in? |
- Memory - Auditory processing - Meaning - Language |
|
|
What is the Parietal lobe involved in? |
- Sensation - touch, pressure, pain, temperature, texture - Position/spatial orientation - Processes language function |
|
|
What is the Occipital lobe involved in? |
- Vision - Reading - Visual processing |
|
What part of the brain is in green? |
Prefrontal cortex |
|
What part of the brain is in orange? |
Supplementary motor cortex |
|
What part of the brain is in blue? |
Premotor cortex |
|
What part of the brain is in red? |
Primary motor cortex |
|
What part of the brain is in yellow? |
Primary somatosensory cortex |
|
What part of the brain is in purple? |
Posterior parietal cortex |
|
What divides the red and yellow areas? |
The central sulcus |
|
|
What takes up the most space in the sensory and motor homunculus? |
Hands Lips Tongue Feet |
|
|
What is the role of the Pons? |
Relay information between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebrum |
|
|
What is the role of the medulla oblongata? |
- Respiratory - HR - It is continuous with the spinal cord |
|
|
What does the limbic system control? |
Emotions Attention Sensory gateway Memory processing Rage Aggression Sexuality Appetite/Thirst |
|
|
What does the cerebellum control? |
Large muscle coordination Balance Walking Writing Provides smooth, coordinated body movements |
|
|
What does the Thalamus do? |
- Processes and relays movement and sensory information on to the cerebral cortex - Sends the received information from the cortex to other systems - Regulates arousal, level of awareness, activity - Damage: Permanent coma |
|
|
What does the Hypothalamus do?` |
Contains small nuclei which control - Body temp - Hunger, thirst - Moods - Sex drive - Sleep Connects the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland |
|
|
What is dopamine involved with? |
- Reward
- Motivation - Pleasure - Euphoria - Motor function - Compulsion - Preservation |
|
|
What is serotonin involved with? |
- Mood - Memory processing - Sleep - Cognition |
