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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Frontal Lobe
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SPERM Speech Problem Solving Emotions Reasoning Movement
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Temporal Lobe
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MpH Memory Hearing
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Four sections of the brain
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Cerebrum Cerebellum Brain Stem Meningies
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What is a low-grade tumor vs. a high grade tumor?
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Low-grade tumors are less aggressive tumors HIGH-GRADE tumors are very likely to GROW and SPREAD.
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Name 3 general tests to diagnose a CNS tumor.
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Biopsy CT/CAT MRI
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Name 4 factors associated with the growth and proliferation of tumors.
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Genetic Environmental Hormonal
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Name at least 3 of the 6 acquired cellular capabilities leading to malignant growth.
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Tissue invasion and metastasis, Limitless replication potential, Sustained angiogenesis, Evading apoptosis, Self-sufficiency in growth signals, Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
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What is the angiogenic switch?
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The moment at which a tumor begins to over express "pro-angiogenic factors" such as VEGF
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T or F?"
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True, VEGF is a normal growth factor, its job is to create new blood vessels during embryonic development, new blood vessels after injury, and new vessels to reroute blood flow around blocked vessels. It is only when VEGF is overexpressed is it linked to cancer.
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VEGF is associated with a _____(good, poor) prognosis, in a variety of ______(solid, blood) cancers.
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Poor prognosis, solid tumors… Bladder cancer, Breast cancer, Cervical cancer, Colorectal cancer, Esophageal cancer, Glioblastoma multiforme, Head and Neck cancer, Lung cancer, Ovarian cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, Renal cell carcinoma
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Tumor secretion of VEGF may help ______(increase, suppress) the immune antihumoral response.
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Suppress
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Ependymal cell
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Lines the ventricles and aids in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
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Meninges
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System of three membranes that envelope the CNS. Job: Protection of the CNS.
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Name 8 neurological SXS
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N/V, Weakness, Paralysis, Seizures, HA, changes in vision, sensory changes, changes in mood/behavior, changes in reflexes, changes in cranial nerve function, ataxia.
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Schwannoma"
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"Ages: 30-60 Benign, Idiopathic, Genetic
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Ependyoma
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Ages: KIDS AKA: Osteosarcoma (in adults) Triggered by oncogenes Intracranial ependyomas in young children= 4 years but 25-40% <2yrs Spinal endyoma--15-40 Often found in the VENTRICLES
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Oligodendroglioma
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Age: Young and middle aged adults Possible genetic component
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Tumors in the meninges covering the spinal cord are called…
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Extramedullary-intradural
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As a spinal tumor grows list some anatomy that can be affected…
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Blood vessels, Bones of the spine, Meninges, Nerve roots, Spinal cord cells
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Extradural spinal tumor
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Most are metastatic carcinomas of the lungs, breasts, prostate, kidneys, thyroid, and lymphoma. They affect the vertebrae. Osteosarcoma -- adults Ewings sarcoma--kids ((LYTIC LESIONS)
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Astrocytoma spinal tumor
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Kids and teens.
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CN 7 is (motor, sensory)"
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5 Sensory 7 Motor
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Facial nerve tumors can cause what symptoms?
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Bell's Palsy Ear-- tinnitus, vertigo, deafness Affected smell, vision, and taste,
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What is proprioception?
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The sense of the relative position of neighbouring parts of the body. Unlike the six exteroceptive senses (sight, taste, smell, touch, hearing, and balance) by which we perceive the outside world, and interoceptive senses, by which we perceive the pain and movement of internal organs, proprioception is a third distinct sensory modality that provides feedback solely on the status of the body internally. It is the sense that indicates whether the body is moving with required effort, as well as where the various parts of the body are located in relation to each other.
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Parietal Lobe
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SENSATIONS OF…Touch, Temperature, Pain, Pressure
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Occipital Lobe
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Vision
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6 Spaces and Matters in order of outside to inside
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Epidural Space Dura Mater, Subdural Space, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space, Pia Mater
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Name 5 symptoms a child may present with if they have a CNS tumor
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SSN Seizure, Staring, Nausea: VVW Vomiting, Vision, Weakness: PPI Pain, Puberty, Irritability: HAG Headache, Apnea, Growing (probs)
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Name 4 types of treatment for a CNS tumor.
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Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Stem cell/bone marrow transplant
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Name the 4 viruses/bacteria associated with cancer.
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EBV, HPV, H. Pylori, Hep. B
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Tumors spark angiogenesis to obtain_____&______.
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Oxygen, and nutrients
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The angiogenic switch leads to ______.(And what is that?)
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Neurovascularization-proliferatrion of blood vessels in tissue not normally containing them.
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Name the 4 major cells of the endothelial cells in angiogenesis.
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1. Break through basal lamina (this wraps around existing blood vessels) 2. Migrate toward source signals 3. Proliferation 4. Formation of tubes
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List two ways in which tumors can avoid the immune system.
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1. They inhibit the dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells) which stimulate B & T cells. 2. VEGF can prevent the function maturation of dendritic cells. (As matured dendritic cells, they have a better ability to communicated with the T cells).
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Shawann cell
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A glial cell that wraps around the nerve fiber of the PNS and forms the myelin sheaths of the peripheral axons.
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Astrocytes
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The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They help make up the BBB.
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Oligodendrocytes
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Job: Produce myelin sheaths for the CNS
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What is papilledema?
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Bulging of the optic disk.
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Astrocytoma
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"Ages: 20-45 Causes: Radiation, nitrate (cured meats),
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Meningioma
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Ages: 40-70 Middle aged women, radiation, genetic, 90% are benign
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Tumors inside the spinal cord are called…
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Intramedullary
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Tumors between the meninges and bones of the spine are called…
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Extradural
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Tumors that start in the spinal tissue are called (secondary, primary); vs, tumors that spread to the spine from some other place which are called (secondary, primary).
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Primary, Secondary
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Intradural Spinal Tumor
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Most are benign, Meningiomas, Neurofibromas, and gliomas , Infiltrate and destroy cord parenchyma (functional tissue). Doesn't usually metastasize
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SXS of spinal tumors..name 2.
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Back pain, changes in sensation, paralysis, scoliosis, bowel and bladder incontinence.
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What CN is associated with Bell's palsy?
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CN 7
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Mouth, lip and tongue cancer symptoms
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Lump, soreness/swelling that doesn't go away, persisting patches, sore that doesn't heal and bleeds, difficulty chewing/swallowing, and loose teeth.
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What does "anaplasic" mean?
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Out of control tumor.
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