Pathophysiology Infectious Processes

Front 1

Epidemiology

Back 1

study of health events and disease, their distribution, and associated factors in a defined population.

Front 2

What are the goals of Epidemiology?

Back 2

-Define the disease
-Identify outbreaks
-Assist in developing treatments
-Develop prevention

Front 3

What requires a chain of events that must occur unbroken to allow one human to infect another?

Back 3

transmission of disease

Front 4

Explain the chain of infection transmission.

Back 4

A pathogenic organism must live and reproduce in a reservoir. The reservoir may be a human, insect, animal, or soil. The pathogen must have a portal of exit and a mode of transmission. Mode of transmission may be through something like an insect bite, nasal droplets, or semen. Therefore mode of transmission can be direct or indirect. Then the pathogen gain entry to a victim through the portal of entry; some examples are oral mucosa, skin abrasion, skin puncture, etc. Finally, the pathogen must enter a susceptible victim where the pathogen can have a breeding ground and reproduce. The typically victims are immune compromised, malnourished, and unimmunized.

Front 5

What is an inanimate object that transmits a pathogen to a new host?

Back 5

fomite

Front 6

What is it called when an microorganism is found in a host and is not a disease and does not cause harm?

Back 6

colonization

Front 7

Can a colonization be transmitted to others?

Back 7

Yes

Front 8

True or False
A colonization is a balance between the host and organism.

Back 8

True.

Front 9

During mode of transmission, what is direct transmission?

Back 9

direct contact between the reservoir and new host

Front 10

During mode of transmission, what is indirect transmission?

Back 10

is where the reservoir deposits the organism on a fomite

Front 11

Name the two host defense systems.

Back 11

1. Innate Immune System
2. Specific Immune System

Front 12

Name some examples of the innate immune system.

Back 12

1. NK cells
2. secretions
3. phagocytes
4. mechanical barriers

Front 13

What is the most cost effective method of altering pathogen susceptibility with a developed vaccine?

Back 13

immunization

Front 14

What is the ability of a microorganism to latch onto and gain entrance into its host?

Back 14

microbial adherence

Front 15

What is the movement of cells according to chemical gradient that attract them?

Back 15

chemotaxis

Front 16

What are the two major categories of viruses?

Back 16

1. DNA
2. RNA

Front 17

What are the smallest known infective agents?

Back 17

viruses

Front 18

What must enter the host's cell to replicate?

Back 18

viruses

Front 19

What can adhere to the cell's wall and inject genetic material?

Back 19

viruses

Front 20

what type of mode of transmission is there direct contact between the reservoir and new host?

Back 20

direct transmission

Front 21

what type of mode of transmission is where the reservoir deposits the organism on a fomite?

Back 21

indirect transmission

Front 22

How do you reach infection control?

Back 22

You must break one of the chains in the chain of transmission.

Front 23

Name some ways to control infection.

Back 23

-hand washing
-antibiotics
-antiviral drugs
-destroying the nonhuman reservoirs & vectors
-immunization
-blocking portal of exit (mask)
-improving diet

Front 24

What is the most important way to control infection?

Back 24

wash your hands

Front 25

How does the pH of the skin act as a barrier?

Back 25

the skin's pH of 5.4 is not a desirable host to bacteria. bacteria like moist and humid environments.

Front 26

How does mucus act as a barrier?

Back 26

the mucus lining of the lungs has cilia that catches bacteria and sweeps them away. mucus also has antimicrobial chemicals that destroy bacteria.

Front 27

How are sebaceous glands a protective barrier?

Back 27

the sebaceous glands secreations act as antifungals

Front 28

What is Lactoferrin and where is it located?

Back 28

It is located in the mucosa of the oral cavity. Lactoferrin is a mucosal protein that reduces iron availability and limits bacterial growth.

Front 29

How do GI cells act as a barrier?

Back 29

They turn over every three days not giving bacteria time to adhere to them.

Front 30

What is the herd immunity?

Back 30

it is the idea to decrease the number of illnesses and diseases by immunizing a high percentage of the population

Front 31

Explain the host-microbial balance.

Back 31

the host a microbe have a symbiotic relationship. these microbes are referred to as colonization and they protect the host from harmful microbes.

Front 32

When does the host-microbial relationship become imbalanced?

Back 32

When the host is immunocompromised and the body's resident flora actually become pathogenic

Front 33

What facilitates microbial adherence?

Back 33

-direct penetration (surgical wound, insect bite)
-attach to host's epithelial cells with their glycocalyx

Front 34

Explain the bacterial enzymes.

Back 34

they help the organisms to spread and invade tissues. most of them with dissolve or hydrolyze blood, collagen or connective tissue

Front 35

Explain encapsulation.

Back 35

this capsule prevents recognition or binding of antibodies therefore the body does not see it as foreign and it doesn't get phaocytized

Front 36

What is the mircoorganism's ability to cause disease called?

Back 36

virulence

Front 37

What is the microorganism's ability to mutate in response to the environment called?

Back 37

anitmicrobial resistance

Front 38

Explain endospore.

Back 38

-allows microorganisms to survive harsh environments.
-it protects the DNA and cytoplasm
-gram + bacteria

Front 39

What is the motile appendages that allow bacterium to swim or move toward nutrients called?

Back 39

flagella

Front 40

What are toxins that microorganisms produce that can affect the host's cells systemically or locally?

Back 40

endotoxins and exotoxins

Front 41

What causes illness and death by binding to specific receptors in target organs?

Back 41

exotoxins

Front 42

What interferes with vital metabolic pathways?

Back 42

exotoxins

Front 43

What toxins are always gram-negative bacteria

Back 43

endotoxins

Front 44

What are common causative agents with septic shock?

Back 44

endotoxins

Front 45

What toxin is part of the cell wall on the bacteria and triggers immune response when bacterium lyses?

Back 45

endotoxin

Front 46

Which are less harmful; endotoxins or exotoxins?

Back 46

exotoxins

Front 47

What are single-celled organisms that have no organelles?

Back 47

bacteria

Front 48

Name the four types of cell walls.

Back 48

1. gliding bacteria
2. spirochetes
3. mycoplasmas
4. rigid bacteria

Front 49

Name the three possible shapes of bacteria

Back 49

1. cocci (round & non-motile)
2. bacilli (rods & half motile)
3. spiral

Front 50

Name two types of staining.

Back 50

Gram +
Gram -

Front 51

Which staining is dark purple?

Back 51

Gram +

Front 52

Which staining is pink?

Back 52

Gram -

Front 53

What contains ecoding information for reverse transcriptase enzyme?

Back 53

retroviruses

Front 54

What does the reverse transcriptase enzyme allow for?

Back 54

it creates mRNA to DNA from its own genome.

Front 55

Why is the reverse transcriptase enzyme so serious?

Back 55

it cause permanent mutation to host cells because every time cell replicates it replicates the viruses DNA.

Front 56

What are microorganisms that are harmless and do not cause disease in host but it can be transmitted to others?

Back 56

colonization

Front 57

Explain antibiotic resistance.

Back 57

the principle of antibiotic resistance is that society has overused antibiotics incorrectly. the majority of people never complete the prescription of antibiotics therefore creating bacteria resistance organisms