Pathophysiology Huebners Chap 3 Altered Cellular And Tissue Biology

Front 1

what is cellular adaptation?

Back 1

an alteration that enables the cell to maintain a steady state despite adverse conditions

Front 2

what is atrophy?

Back 2

decrease in cellular size from aging, disease, lack of blood supply,hormonal stimulation, neural stimulation that decrease the ER and mitochondria.

Front 3

what is hypertrophy?

Back 3

increase of the size of cells by increased hormonal stimulation. Protein in plasma membrane and other organelles increase.

Front 4

what is hyperplasia?

Back 4

increase in the number of cells caused by an increased rate of cell division.

Front 5

what is dysplasia?

Back 5

atypical hyperplasia, abnormal change in the size, shape, and organization of mature tissue cells.

Front 6

what is metaplasia?

Back 6

reversible replacement of one mature cell type for another less mature cell type.

Front 7

what causes reversible cell injury?

Back 7

lack of oxygen, free radicals, toxic chemicals, infectious agents, inflammatory and immune responses. genetic factors, malnutrition, or physical trauma

Front 8

what 4 biochemical themes are important to cell injury?

Back 8

1. ATP depletion 2. oxygen and oxygen derived free radicals 3. intracellular calcium and loss of calcium free state 4. defects in membrane permeability.

Front 9

what are the sequence of events leading to cell death?

Back 9

A. decreased ATP production
B. failure of sodium-potassium pumps (active transport)
C. cellular swelling
D. detachment of ribosomes from ER
E. protein synthesis stops
F. Mitochondrial swelling from calcium accumulation
G. vacuolation
H. leakage of digestive enzymes from lysosomes
I. autodigestion of intracellular structures
J. lysis of plasma membrane, and death

Front 10

what is the initial insult in hypoxic injury?

Back 10

ischemia

Front 11

why do free radicals pose danger to cells?

Back 11

they have an unpaired electron and try to attach to a good molecule in the cell

Front 12

what are the damaging effects of free radicals?

Back 12

Especially with the oxygen activated kind (0`2, OH, H2O2), they include : A. lipid peroxidation B. alteration of ion pumps C. fragmentation of DNA D. damage to mitochondria, releasing calcium into the cytosol

Front 13

what can happen with restoration of oxygen into a cell?

Back 13

reperfusion injury

Front 14

where does the initial insult of cell injury occur?

Back 14

in the plasma membrane. Examples are; carbon tetrachloride, lead, carbon monoxide, and ethyl alcohol

Front 15

what is the definition of blunt force injury?

Back 15

the application of mechanical injury to the body that results in tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues

Front 16

what is the most common blunt force injuries?

Back 16

motor vehicle crashes and falls

Front 17

what is a contusion?

Back 17

bleeding into the skin from a blow

Front 18

what is a hematoma?

Back 18

collection of blood into soft tissues or an enclosed space

Front 19

what is an abrasion or scrape?

Back 19

removal of superficial layers of skin from friction between injured skin and injuring object, patters of would can like like object

Front 20

what is a laceration?

Back 20

a tear or rip resulting when the tensile strength of the skin is exceeded.

Front 21

what is an incised wound?

Back 21

the cut is longer than the depth.

Front 22

what is a stab wound?

Back 22

the wound is penetrated deeper than it is long

Front 23

Gunshot wounds are either of two choices?

Back 23

penetrating ( bullet stays in body) or
perforating (bullet exits)

Front 24

how can you determine the appearance of a gun injury?

Back 24

by whether it is an entrance or an exit wound, and the range of fire.

Front 25

what are the asphyxial injuries?

Back 25

1. suffocation
2. strangulation
3. chemical
4. drowning

Front 26

what does inflammation and immunity responses after cellular injury mean?

Back 26

powerful biochemicals and proteins capable of damaging normal cells are set off.

Front 27

how do genetic disorders injure cells?

Back 27

by altering the nucleus and the plasma membrane's structure, shape, receptors or transport mechanism

Front 28

what can be classified as an injurious agent?

Back 28

malnutrition, temperature extremes, atmospheric pressure extremes, ionizing radiation, illumination, mechanical stresses like repetitive movement, and noise.

Front 29

what are some cellular manifestations of cellular injury?

Back 29

accumulations of water, lipids, carbohydrates, glycogen proteins, pigments, hemosiderin, bilirubin, calcium, and urate

Front 30

how can accumulations harm a cell?

Back 30

by crowding the organelles and excessive metabolites from their catabolism, which are released into the cytoplasm or the extracellular matrix

Front 31

What causes cellular swelling?

Back 31

the failure of transport mechanisms and oncosis is a type of death that results from cellular swelling.

Front 32

what causes cells to have a accumulation of organic substances?

Back 32

disorders in which cellular uptake exceeds the cells capacity to catabolize it or cell's anabolism exceed its ability to use it or secrete it. This includes lipids, carbs, pigments, etc..

Front 33

Dystrophic calcification ( accumulation of calcium salts) is a sign of what?

Back 33

a sign of pathological change because it only occurs in injured or dead cells BUT, it can occur with metatastic changes in people with hypercalcemia

Front 34

what is gout?

Back 34

disturbance of urate metabolism, resulting in hyperuricemia and deposits of sodium urate crystals

Front 35

what are some systemic signs of cellular injury?

Back 35

fever, leukocytosis, tachycardia, pain and serum elevations of enzymes in the plasma.

Front 36

how does cellular death manifest itself?

Back 36

cellular dissolution or necrosis, which is the sum of changes after local cell death and includes autolysis, or cellular self-destruction.

Front 37

what are the four types of necroses?

Back 37

1. Coagulative
2. liquefactive
3. caseous
4. fat necroses
different tissues have different necrosis

Front 38

what are structural signs that indicate irreversible injury?

Back 38

dense clumping of genetic material and disruption of the plasma and organelle membranes

Front 39

what is apoptosis?

Back 39

sublethal injury, process of selective cellular self destruction of genetic material and disruption of plasma and cell membranes.

Front 40

what is gangrene?

Back 40

tissue necrosis caused by hypoxia and subsequent bacterial invasion.

Front 41

what is life expectancy?

Back 41

80-100 years- men=75, women=80

Front 42

what is frailty?

Back 42

wasting syndrome of aging where person is prone to falls, functional decline, disease and death.

Front 43

mechanisms of aging are?

Back 43

1. cellular changes
2. genetic changes and lifestyle
3. cellular change mechanisms
4. degenerative extracellular and vascular changes.

Front 44

is somatic death inflammatory?

Back 44

NO, but it is systemwide..

Front 45

signs of death are?

Back 45

cessation of respiration, circulation, lower body temperature, pupil dilation, loss of elasticity, transparency of skin, muscle stiffening (rigor mortis) and skin discoloration( livor mortis) putrefaction starts about 24- 48 hours after death.