Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
-Usually chronic inflammation involving the sebaceous glands
-increased rate and amount of ssecretions (in sebaceous glands) -Secretions become infected |
Acne
|
|
|
What increases sebaceous gland activity?
What decreases sebaceous gland activity? |
Androgens (increase)
Estrogens (decrease) |
|
|
-Group of skin lesions (red, blistering, weapy, scaly, thick, itchy - broad)
|
Eczema
|
|
|
-Type of exzema
-genetic -appear in late teens - early 20's -lesions develop at flexor points (elbows, knees, neck) -May reflect some allergic response(usually inherited) -treated topically |
Atopic Exzema
|
|
|
-Type of exzema
-Contact w/ an allergen -allergic rxn -Poison ivy, allergy to jewerly -remove offending agent --- patient is usually okay -People with inhalant allergies usually develop contact allergies around nose and mouth |
Contact Exzema
|
|
|
-Characterized by thick, silvery scales (fish scales)
-Usually seen on elbows, knees, scalp -Correlated with arthritis -Severity fluctuates, can appear at any age -Affects 1-2 - 2 1/2% of the population (common) -Treat topically -Could be an immune disorder -- increased rate of cell production at epidermal layer |
Psorasis
|
|
|
-Very common
-Always characterized by edema and erythema (redness) -Almost always an allergic rxn (99.9%) --- foods, dyes, abx, laxatives |
Hives
|
|
|
-Cold sores, fever blisters
|
Herpes Simplex 1
-Caused by DNA virus |
|
|
-STD (could be 24-48 hours before it's noticed)
-PG: Don't want vaginal delivery-- could lead to disseminated herpes (mortality rate 75% in newborns) |
Herpes Simplex 2
|
|
|
VZ Virus
1st introduction = chickenpox Immune system only recognizes portion of the virus (develop antibody to this portion --only partially immune to the VZ virus) -2nd introductin = Shingles (re-infection of partially immune host) Affects areas were nerve endings are close to the skin - EXTREMELY painful Shingles <----> Chicken pox (transferred back and forth) |
Chicken Pox
Shingles |
|
|
Yeast infections are caused by what organism?
|
Candida Albicans
Something has occured to upset the normal flora balance and allowed this yeast to overgrow. If this occurs in newborns mouth- Thrush Increased risk with decreased immunity |
|
|
-MC type of skin cancer
-malignancy arises from epidermal cells along basal epidermis -directly proportional to age -inversely related to pigmentation -80% appear on routinely sun exposed areas -Slow growing, rarely metastaize -Removed and done w/ |
Basal Cell Carcinoma
|
|
|
-Similar to basal cell carcinoma (arises from epidermal layer)
-Correlated with sun exposure -If these occur on routinely sun exposed areas they rarely metastasize --other places increases risk |
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
|
|
|
What two skin cancers account for 97% of all cases?
|
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
-3% of all skin cancers
-Responsible for 60% of all skin cancer related deaths (frequently metastasize) -"black growth" -40-70 years old (last 10-15 years, younger population more commonly affected) -Signifigant sunburn increases risk -Looks like a growth under the skin |
Melanoma
|
|
|
What's the 3rd most common COD in the US?
|
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) = Stroke
|
|
|
-MC cause of stroke
-40% of CVA's -Result of arterial plaque (occurs in areas of branching and twisting) -60-69 (peak age) -Hopefully had TIA (transient ischemic attack) -- Brief episode of neurological dysfunction -TIA is to the brain as angina to the heart -Occurs MC early in the morning (platelets are stickier) -SxS often occur in steps |
Thrombosis
|
|
|
-Tends to affect younger population
-Manifestation of heart disease -Most originate from thrombosis in the heart |
Embolis
|
|
|
What's the MC site of cerebral emboli?
|
Middle Cerebral Artery
|
|
|
-Rupture in blood vessel w/ IC bleed
-Nowhere for blood to go -- swelling brain pushes against immoveable skull |
Cerebral Hemorrhage
|
|
|
-Causes a bleed
-Asymptomatic -Ruptures during activity -MC occurs in Circle of Willis -"Felt like something snapped" -Runs in family (genetics involved in vessel weakness) |
Aneuryism
|
|
|
What are the 4 causes of stroke?
|
1. Thrombosis (MC)
2. Embolis 3. Cerebral Hemorrhage 4. Aneuryism |
|
|
-Affects female < 40 YO MC
-10-25% of female 20-35 -Overall, affects 3-5% of population -70% have positive family hx -Correlated with menstrual cycles -BC makes worse -Usually goes away after menopause |
Vascular Headache (Migraine)
|
|
|
What's going on during the period before a headache?
|
There's a decrease in cerebral blood flow (vasoconstriction)
|
|
|
What's happening during a headache?
|
Vasodilation (during period when pain is felt)
|
|
|
What three things do migraines (vascular headaches) involve?
|
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation (localized) Vessel inflammation |
|
|
-Prodromal phase (pre-headache phase warns you that a migraine is coming)
|
Classic Migraine Presenation
|
|
|
No prodromal phase
|
Common Migraine Presentation
|
|
|
Migraines cause what kind of pain?
|
Pulsating (unable to pinpoint origin of pain)
Begins unilaterally and becomes bilateral pain |
|
|
What helps headaches go away?
|
Sleep (hard to fall asleep though)
|
|
|
What do Imitrex and Ergot cause?
|
Vasoconstriction (throughout the body) b/c pain is felt due to vasodilation
-These drugs can't be given to patients with CVD |
|
|
-Headaches occur during a cluster of time (weeks)
-MC males -Different type of pain than migraines (not pulsating) -Pain correlated with REM sleep (wakes you up) |
Cluster Headaches
|
|
|
-Muscular contraction
-Muscles are contracting around the skull and neck -Acetaminophen won't work - take IB (anti-prostoglandin) |
Muscular Tension Headache
|
|
|
Secondary headaches (due to something else - abscess, sinus infection, meningitis)
|
Traction/Inflammatory Headache
|
|
|
Highest incidence is in children
1st described by Hippocrates 75-80% of occurs before 20 years old |
Epilepsy
|
|
|
Very isolated, specific spot in cerebral cortex where misfiring occurs -- causes focal problem
|
Partial/Focal Seizures
(Conscious) |
|
|
-Type of Partial/Focal seizure
-Starts with small finger twitching, arm, chest, etc. -Always on one side of body -Corresponds with affected side of cerebral cortex |
Jacksonian Seizures
|
|
|
-Type of partial/focal sz
-Starts with repetitive movement (snapping fingers) -Can be induced with things like strobe lights, video games, drums -The sequence of flashing lights is what set's off the sz -- ambulances don't use these sequences |
Psychomotor Seizures
(Conscious) |
|
|
Not isolated - all of cerebral cortex is involved
EEG - looks like an earthquake Bilateral involvement in cerebral cortex |
Generalized Seizures
|
|
|
(Generalized Sz)
-Almost always in children -Characterized by sudden loss of consciousness (may only last a few seconds) -Altered state of consciousness (staring off into space) |
Absence/Petit Mal Sz
|
|
|
(Generalized sz)
-Usually have an aura (cue that their going to have a sz) -Stress, sounds, etc -Lose upright position -Opposing movements in muscles (jerky) -May lose bladder/bowel control for a few minutes (3-5 minutes) -Gradual decrease in movements throughout sz, but intensity doesn't decrease |
Tonic clonic/Grand Mal Sz (classic)
|
|
|
(Generalized sz)
-Children -Sudden increase in temperature (ext. correlated) -Genetic -Usually goes away by puberty but can last throughout life |
Febrile Tonic Sz
|
|
|
-Effects ppl age 40-70 YO
-Progressive disorder -Unknown etiology -Genetic, viral, autoimmune -Deterioration of neurons (lose motor neurons in cerebral cortex - lose ONLY motor neurons) -Sensory neurons are unaffected making patinet totally aware of situation -Average patient lives 3 years -Death usually from respiratory complications |
Amylotrophic Lateral Scelorsis (ALS)
Lou Gerrhig's Disease |
|
|
Syndrome characterized by rhythmic tremors and bradykinesia
Resting tremors, pill rolling VERY slow movements Problem involves dopamine (decreased production and receptors) Levodopa - synthetic dopamine |
Parkinson's
|
|
|
One of the MC neurological disorders in young people
MC female - onset around 30 YO Almost non-existent in tropical cultures (more common in temperate) -- Suggests its viral Mutated distemper virus People develop lesions in the wwhite matter of the brain - lose myelin sheath (axons can lleak out) Remittant symptoms (can be re-myelinated) Have specific antibody for myelination Inject with bovine myelin (body attacks this myelin first) |
Multiple Sclerosis
|
|
|
-Affects 10% of the population
-Characterized by the loss of hippocampal and corticol neurons -Decrease in Ach levels (correlated with dementia) -Corr. w/ mutated Polio virus -Pts. have increased amounts of aluminum in brain (not cause of disease) -Diagnosis of exclusion -Correlated with Down's Syndrome (experience early onset around 30-40 YO) -ADAP protein present in spinal fluid -30% increased chance of inheritance if 1st degree relative has condition |
Alzheimer's
|
|
|
-Result of sustained increased ICP
-Normal ICP= 50-200 mmH20 (BP=5/15 mmHG) -Swelling/pressure pushes brain against skull - accludes blood vessel and cuts off blood supply |
CNS injury
|
|
|
-Brain tissue damage that interferes with the BBB
-Fluids from the vascular system leak into the brain (swelling) -Cerebral edema increases ICP leading to? |
Hypoxia and ischemia
Increased PC02 and decreased pH --- tissue death |
|
|
Arterial in origin
Mortality rate 50% MC in pariotmporal area from a tear in the middle meningeal artery Caused by head injury Increased ICP |
Epidural Hematoma
|
|
|
Venous origin
Caused by rupture of the veins in the subdural space Acute, subacute, chronic |
Subdural Hematoma
|
|
|
Opens eyes (1-5)
Verbal responses (1-5) Motor Responses (1-60 |
Glasgow Coma Scale
|
|
|
-W/o menstruation
-Always a symptom of something else going on -<3-5% body fat - period will stop |
Amenorrhea
|
|
|
Complete absence of menstruation by 17 YO
|
Primary Amenorrhea
|
|
|
Absence of menstruation for a 3-6 month period after you've already established a normal menstrual cycle (assuming you're not PG)
|
Secondary Amenorrhea
|
|
|
Painful menstruation
Correlated with prostoglandin level Endometrial lining in the uterus contains prostoglandins (cause smooth muscle to contract) Increased prostoglandins cause more smooth muscle contractions - painful menstruation Prostoglandins stimulate menstruation Combo. BC pills will help reduce pain - periods are lighter b/c build up less endometrial tx (less prostoglandins thus less pain) |
Dysmenorrhea
|
|
|
5% of women carry S. aureus in vaginal lining
Use super absorbant tampon (partially made of cotton) -- breaks down into sugar (Staph loves sugar) As staph grows it produces exotoxins (absorbed through mucosal lining in vagina into the vascular system) |
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
|
|
|
What are some SxS of TSS?
|
Fever (103-105), rash (resembeling sunburn), deadly diarrhea (diarrhea for 6 hours - lose electrolyes and water)
|
|
|
Carcinoma insitu (confined/inside of)
Normal cells surround malignancy (behaves like a benign tumor) Do cone procedure and remove all abnormal cells |
Cervical Cancer
|
|
|
-Cancer (abnormal cells don't involve the full thickness of the vagina)
-Pap looks for abnormal cells |
Dysplasia
|
|
|
What are the vast majority of cervical cancers caused by?
|
2 STD's -- 2 viruses mc are HPC and Herpes (80% of cervical cancer)
Prostitues (highest % of cervical ca, lowest breast ca) Nuns - greatest risk for breast ca, lowest for cervical |
|
|
Malignancy usually happens ater menopause (55-65)
Classic cancer (responds and progresses normally - textbook cancer) Site of metastasis - overy BC decreases risk Estrogen dependant cancer (malignant cells have estrogen receptors) |
Endometrial Cancer
|
|
|
-Ductal epithelial proliferation, cyst formation, ductal adenosis -- with the formation of fibrous tx - leads to palpable nodules in the breast and possible d/c
-Correlated with an increse in estrogen, decrease in progestrone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (estrogen too high, progesterone too low after ovulation) -Usually bilateral -Affects 50% of female pop. |
Fibrocystic Breast
|
|
|
What increases risk for breast cancer?
|
Ductal proliferation
|
|
|
During what phase of the menstrual cycle do masses appear?
|
Luteal phase
(estrogen too high, progesterone too low) |
|
|
2nd mc cancer in females (1st is lung cancer)
Common in US - weird in Japan Increased risk Never give birth (Nuns) Started period early and menopause late PG after 30 YO |
Breast cancer
Breast feeding decreases risk BC DOESN't increase risk |
|
|
Confined malignancy in the lobular part of the breast
|
Lobular Carcinoma Insitu (LCIS)
|
|
|
Confined malignancy in the ductal part of the breast
|
Ductal Carcinoma Insitu (DCIS)
|
|
|
What makes up 20% of all breast cancer?
|
Lobular Carcinoma Insitu
Ductal Carcinoma Insitu |
|
|
80% of breast cancers
Classic cancer Slow dividing -- Malignanct cell --- for one cell to grow enough for palpable mass (takes 7 years) By the time the mass is palpable (25% have metastasized by the time you reach a 1cm mass) Need easy blood test to point us in correct direction |
Invasive Ductal Carcinomas
|
|
|
Estrogen dependant breast cancer
Genetic Breast cancer by the time your 25 YO |
Familial breast ca
|
|
|
ECF volume defecit
|
Hypovolemia
|
|
|
Equal loss/gain of sodium and water
ECF |
Hyper/hypovolemia
|
|
|
ICF
Unequal loss/gain of sodium and water |
Hyper/hypoosmotic
Hyper/hyponatremic |
|
|
Concerns potassium levels
|
composition levels
|
|
|
What happens during dehydration>
|
Losing water, but gaining sodium
NOT hypovolemia |
|
|
What is the pathology involved in hypovolemia
|
Almost always related to renal problems
Renal - (Anything causing polyuria - ARF, diabetes) Non-renal -- Vomiting, diarrhea, burns, bleeding |
|
|
What are the 3 most common reasons for hypovolemia
|
Vomiting
Diarrhea NG suctions ---All involve GI fluid which is high in water and sodium |
|
|
What other thing can cause hypovolemia?
|
An increase in temperature/fever
Adult temperature 101-103>24 hours has lost 500ml fluids Adult w/ temp >103>24 hours (lost 1000ml fluids) Temperature + Vomiting + Diarrhea = HUGE amounts of fluids needed |
|
|
What does hypovolemia always compromise?
|
Cardiac output
Decreased venous return to the right side of the heart resulting in decreased CO from left side (Decreased BP) |
|
|
What compensates for a minor/major fluid deficit?
|
RAAS system
Minor Major (as long as pt. is lying down) |
|
|
-Usually chronic inflammation involving the sebaceous glands
-increased rate and amount of ssecretions (in sebaceous glands) -Secretions become infected |
Acne
|
|
|
What increases sebaceous gland activity?
What decreases sebaceous gland activity? |
Androgens (increase)
Estrogens (decrease) |
|
|
-Group of skin lesions (red, blistering, weapy, scaly, thick, itchy - broad)
|
Eczema
|
|
|
-Type of exzema
-genetic -appear in late teens - early 20's -lesions develop at flexor points (elbows, knees, neck) -May reflect some allergic response(usually inherited) -treated topically |
Atopic Exzema
|
|
|
-Type of exzema
-Contact w/ an allergen -allergic rxn -Poison ivy, allergy to jewerly -remove offending agent --- patient is usually okay -People with inhalant allergies usually develop contact allergies around nose and mouth |
Contact Exzema
|
|
|
-Characterized by thick, silvery scales (fish scales)
-Usually seen on elbows, knees, scalp -Correlated with arthritis -Severity fluctuates, can appear at any age -Affects 1-2 - 2 1/2% of the population (common) -Treat topically -Could be an immune disorder -- increased rate of cell production at epidermal layer |
Psorasis
|
|
|
-Very common
-Always characterized by edema and erythema (redness) -Almost always an allergic rxn (99.9%) --- foods, dyes, abx, laxatives |
Hives
|
|
|
-Cold sores, fever blisters
|
Herpes Simplex 1
-Caused by DNA virus |
|
|
-STD (could be 24-48 hours before it's noticed)
-PG: Don't want vaginal delivery-- could lead to disseminated herpes (mortality rate 75% in newborns) |
Herpes Simplex 2
|
|
|
VZ Virus
1st introduction = chickenpox Immune system only recognizes portion of the virus (develop antibody to this portion --only partially immune to the VZ virus) -2nd introductin = Shingles (re-infection of partially immune host) Affects areas were nerve endings are close to the skin - EXTREMELY painful Shingles <----> Chicken pox (transferred back and forth) |
Chicken Pox
Shingles |
