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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
water
|
primary fluid of the body, acs as solvent for nutrients and waste products, imp for temp regulation, adults--60% of body is H2O (elderly is less) infants--70-80%
|
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ICF intraellular fluid
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fluid within cells 40% of body weight
|
|
|
ECF extracellular fluid
|
interstitial, intravascular (plasma, circ volume, CSF, fluid in the eye and GI tract
|
|
|
Fluid spacing
|
describes fluid location
|
|
|
1st spacing
|
fluid in places of normal distribution--ICF and ECF
|
|
|
2nd spacing
|
excess interstitial fluid--edema
|
|
|
3rd spacing
|
fluid where there normally isn't any--abdominal cavity (ascites), bowel (preitonitis), it is not available for circulation and does not readily shift back
|
|
|
electrolytes
|
split into ions in H2O, NaCl=Na + Cl, anions have negative charge, cations have positive charge
|
|
|
distribution of electrolytes
|
same electrolytes in ECF and ICF just in different amounts
|
|
|
Major exracellular
|
Na+, Cl-, HCO3 (bicarb)
|
|
|
major intracellular
|
K+, Mg+, protein
|
|
|
Major interstitial electrolytes
|
similar to ECF but should be no proteins
|
|
|
Electrolytes important for
|
regulation of the movementof water (esp Na+ and proteins), nerve impulses and muscle contraction (by concentration gradients, Na+, K+, Ca+), blood clotting, acid base balance
|
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration till equivalent
|
|
|
facillitated diffusion
|
combine with carrier for more rapid transport
|
|
|
active transport
|
from lower to higher concentration, requires energy ATP EX: Na+ K+ pump
|
|
|
osmosis
|
movement of solvent (H2O) across membrane permeable to water but not to solute (area of less solute to area of more solute)
|
|
|
osmolality
|
solutes/solvents in body fluid, concentration of body fluids, increased solute in plasma (increase concentration of blood) will cause osmosis of H2O into the plasma from interstitial space to dilute the plasma back to normal
|
|
|
How do kidneys maintain osmolality?
|
through regulation of excretion of water--EX:increased osmolality (plasma concentration)-->ADH secretion-->water conseration-->decreased osmolality
|
|
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
generated by the heart, pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, moves H2O out of circulation at the capillaries
|
|
|
oncotic pressure
|
colloidal pressure, holding pressure exerted by proteins which hold or attract H2O
|
|
|
acculutation of fluid fluid in the interstitial area will occur if there is
|
1) elevation of the venous hp from fluid overload, congestive heart failure, or obstruction of venous return to the heart( something is interfering like maybe a clot), 2) decrease in plasma oncotic pressure--(happens in malnutrition, kidney dz, generalized edema occurs--maybe 2nd or 3rd spacing) 3) elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure (swelling in a mosquito bite or anaphylaxis if it happens everywhere)
|
|
|
decrease in plasma oncotic pressure can be from
|
hypoalbumenemia, hypoproteinemia
|
|
|
shifts in interstitial fluid into the plasma
|
excess fluid moves from the interstitium into the plasmaif there is an incresae in plasma oncotic pressure or tissue hydrostic pressure
|
|
|
increase in plasma oncotic pressure
|
occurs if pt is administered IV proteins or a hypertonic solution fluid will move from the interstitial space to the plasma--in hypoalbuminemia if given a transfussion of albumin helps pull fluid back in
|
|
|
increase in tissue hydrostatic pressure
|
push fluid in the interstitial spaes of the tissue back into the plasmain the capillaries (EX: TED hose to manually keep pressure right)
|
|
|
decrease in hp in the capillary causes fluid to
|
move from interstitial spaces back into circulation--someone hemorrhages or becomes dehydrated and circ volume is decresaed
|
|
|
water
|
primary fluid of the body, acs as solvent for nutrients and waste products, imp for temp regulation, adults--60% of body is H2O (elderly is less) infants--70-80%
|
|
|
regulation of F&E balance to maintain homeostasis mechanisms of control
|
hypothalamus, endocrine, kidneys
|
|
|
ICF intraellular fluid
|
fluid within cells 40% of body weight
|
|
|
endocrine control of F&E
|
ADH from posterior pituitary, triggered by increase in serum osmolality or a decreased blood volumein post pit-->ADH release triggered, water conserved in kidneys and decreased UOP and increased blood volume
|
|
|
ECF extracellular fluid
|
interstitial, intravascular (plasma, circ volume, CSF, fluid in the eye and GI tract
|
|
|
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
|
ADH released without feedbackmechanisms will lead to fluid retention--edema and elevated bp
|
|
|
Fluid spacing
|
describes fluid location
|
|
|
1st spacing
|
fluid in places of normal distribution--ICF and ECF
|
|
|
absence of ADH
|
diabetes insipidus--no reabsorption of H2O by the kidneys will lead to severe dehydration with excess thirst and excess UOP
|
|
|
Where is cortisol produced?
|
in the adrenal cortex glands, excess amts released in times of stress, increases Na+ retention by kidneys therefore increasing water retention
|
|
|
2nd spacing
|
excess interstitial fluid--edema
|
|
|
3rd spacing
|
fluid where there normally isn't any--abdominal cavity (ascites), bowel (preitonitis), it is not available for circulation and does not readily shift back
|
|
|
aldosterone
|
in the adrenal cortex, causes kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water and excrete K+ in exchange
|
|
|
electrolytes
|
split into ions in H2O, NaCl=Na + Cl, anions have negative charge, cations have positive charge
|
|
|
what causes release of aldosterone?
|
decreased blood volume and decreased serum Na+ level, kidneys release renin-->angiotensinogen activated in liver-->converted to angiotensin which triggers adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which in turn increases reabsorption of water and sodium by the kidneys-->increases blood volume and serum Na+
|
|
|
distribution of electrolytes
|
same electrolytes in ECF and ICF just in different amounts
|
|
|
kidneys are imp for F&E balance because
|
they selectively either reabsorb or excrete water, sodium and potassium and also help with acid base balance
|
|
|
Major exracellular
|
Na+, Cl-, HCO3 (bicarb)
|
|
|
GI function also essential for
|
intake and metabolism of F&E
|
|
|
water
|
primary fluid of the body, acs as solvent for nutrients and waste products, imp for temp regulation, adults--60% of body is H2O (elderly is less) infants--70-80%
|
|
|
major intracellular
|
K+, Mg+, protein
|
|
|
ICF intraellular fluid
|
fluid within cells 40% of body weight
|
|
|
ECF extracellular fluid
|
interstitial, intravascular (plasma, circ volume, CSF, fluid in the eye and GI tract
|
|
|
Major interstitial electrolytes
|
similar to ECF but should be no proteins
|
|
|
Electrolytes important for
|
regulation of the movementof water (esp Na+ and proteins), nerve impulses and muscle contraction (by concentration gradients, Na+, K+, Ca+), blood clotting, acid base balance
|
|
|
Fluid spacing
|
describes fluid location
|
|
|
1st spacing
|
fluid in places of normal distribution--ICF and ECF
|
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration till equivalent
|
|
|
facillitated diffusion
|
combine with carrier for more rapid transport
|
|
|
2nd spacing
|
excess interstitial fluid--edema
|
|
|
active transport
|
from lower to higher concentration, requires energy ATP EX: Na+ K+ pump
|
|
|
osmosis
|
movement of solvent (H2O) across membrane permeable to water but not to solute (area of less solute to area of more solute)
|
|
|
3rd spacing
|
fluid where there normally isn't any--abdominal cavity (ascites), bowel (preitonitis), it is not available for circulation and does not readily shift back
|
|
|
electrolytes
|
split into ions in H2O, NaCl=Na + Cl, anions have negative charge, cations have positive charge
|
|
|
osmolality
|
solutes/solvents in body fluid, concentration of body fluids, increased solute in plasma (increase concentration of blood) will cause osmosis of H2O into the plasma from interstitial space to dilute the plasma back to normal
|
|
|
How do kidneys maintain osmolality?
|
through regulation of excretion of water--EX:increased osmolality (plasma concentration)-->ADH secretion-->water conseration-->decreased osmolality
|
|
|
distribution of electrolytes
|
same electrolytes in ECF and ICF just in different amounts
|
|
|
Major exracellular
|
Na+, Cl-, HCO3 (bicarb)
|
|
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
generated by the heart, pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, moves H2O out of circulation at the capillaries
|
|
|
oncotic pressure
|
colloidal pressure, holding pressure exerted by proteins which hold or attract H2O
|
|
|
major intracellular
|
K+, Mg+, protein
|
|
|
acculutation of fluid fluid in the interstitial area will occur if there is
|
1) elevation of the venous hp from fluid overload, congestive heart failure, or obstruction of venous return to the heart( something is interfering like maybe a clot), 2) decrease in plasma oncotic pressure--(happens in malnutrition, kidney dz, generalized edema occurs--maybe 2nd or 3rd spacing) 3) elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure (swelling in a mosquito bite or anaphylaxis if it happens everywhere)
|
|
|
Major interstitial electrolytes
|
similar to ECF but should be no proteins
|
|
|
Electrolytes important for
|
regulation of the movementof water (esp Na+ and proteins), nerve impulses and muscle contraction (by concentration gradients, Na+, K+, Ca+), blood clotting, acid base balance
|
|
|
decrease in plasma oncotic pressure can be from
|
hypoalbumenemia, hypoproteinemia
|
|
|
shifts in interstitial fluid into the plasma
|
excess fluid moves from the interstitium into the plasmaif there is an incresae in plasma oncotic pressure or tissue hydrostic pressure
|
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration till equivalent
|
|
|
increase in plasma oncotic pressure
|
occurs if pt is administered IV proteins or a hypertonic solution fluid will move from the interstitial space to the plasma--in hypoalbuminemia if given a transfussion of albumin helps pull fluid back in
|
|
|
facillitated diffusion
|
combine with carrier for more rapid transport
|
|
|
increase in tissue hydrostatic pressure
|
push fluid in the interstitial spaes of the tissue back into the plasmain the capillaries (EX: TED hose to manually keep pressure right)
|
|
|
active transport
|
from lower to higher concentration, requires energy ATP EX: Na+ K+ pump
|
|
|
decrease in hp in the capillary causes fluid to
|
move from interstitial spaces back into circulation--someone hemorrhages or becomes dehydrated and circ volume is decresaed
|
|
|
osmosis
|
movement of solvent (H2O) across membrane permeable to water but not to solute (area of less solute to area of more solute)
|
|
|
regulation of F&E balance to maintain homeostasis mechanisms of control
|
hypothalamus, endocrine, kidneys
|
|
|
osmolality
|
solutes/solvents in body fluid, concentration of body fluids, increased solute in plasma (increase concentration of blood) will cause osmosis of H2O into the plasma from interstitial space to dilute the plasma back to normal
|
|
|
endocrine control of F&E
|
ADH from posterior pituitary, triggered by increase in serum osmolality or a decreased blood volumein post pit-->ADH release triggered, water conserved in kidneys and decreased UOP and increased blood volume
|
|
|
How do kidneys maintain osmolality?
|
through regulation of excretion of water--EX:increased osmolality (plasma concentration)-->ADH secretion-->water conseration-->decreased osmolality
|
|
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
generated by the heart, pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls, moves H2O out of circulation at the capillaries
|
|
|
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
|
ADH released without feedbackmechanisms will lead to fluid retention--edema and elevated bp
|
|
|
oncotic pressure
|
colloidal pressure, holding pressure exerted by proteins which hold or attract H2O
|
|
|
absence of ADH
|
diabetes insipidus--no reabsorption of H2O by the kidneys will lead to severe dehydration with excess thirst and excess UOP
|
|
|
Where is cortisol produced?
|
in the adrenal cortex glands, excess amts released in times of stress, increases Na+ retention by kidneys therefore increasing water retention
|
|
|
acculutation of fluid fluid in the interstitial area will occur if there is
|
1) elevation of the venous hp from fluid overload, congestive heart failure, or obstruction of venous return to the heart( something is interfering like maybe a clot), 2) decrease in plasma oncotic pressure--(happens in malnutrition, kidney dz, generalized edema occurs--maybe 2nd or 3rd spacing) 3) elevation of interstitial oncotic pressure (swelling in a mosquito bite or anaphylaxis if it happens everywhere)
|
|
|
decrease in plasma oncotic pressure can be from
|
hypoalbumenemia, hypoproteinemia
|
|
|
aldosterone
|
in the adrenal cortex, causes kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water and excrete K+ in exchange
|
|
|
what causes release of aldosterone?
|
decreased blood volume and decreased serum Na+ level, kidneys release renin-->angiotensinogen activated in liver-->converted to angiotensin which triggers adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which in turn increases reabsorption of water and sodium by the kidneys-->increases blood volume and serum Na+
|
|
|
shifts in interstitial fluid into the plasma
|
excess fluid moves from the interstitium into the plasmaif there is an incresae in plasma oncotic pressure or tissue hydrostic pressure
|
|
|
increase in plasma oncotic pressure
|
occurs if pt is administered IV proteins or a hypertonic solution fluid will move from the interstitial space to the plasma--in hypoalbuminemia if given a transfussion of albumin helps pull fluid back in
|
|
|
kidneys are imp for F&E balance because
|
they selectively either reabsorb or excrete water, sodium and potassium and also help with acid base balance
|
|
|
increase in tissue hydrostatic pressure
|
push fluid in the interstitial spaes of the tissue back into the plasmain the capillaries (EX: TED hose to manually keep pressure right)
|
|
|
GI function also essential for
|
intake and metabolism of F&E
|
|
|
decrease in hp in the capillary causes fluid to
|
move from interstitial spaces back into circulation--someone hemorrhages or becomes dehydrated and circ volume is decresaed
|
|
|
regulation of F&E balance to maintain homeostasis mechanisms of control
|
hypothalamus, endocrine, kidneys
|
|
|
endocrine control of F&E
|
ADH from posterior pituitary, triggered by increase in serum osmolality or a decreased blood volumein post pit-->ADH release triggered, water conserved in kidneys and decreased UOP and increased blood volume
|
|
|
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH
|
ADH released without feedbackmechanisms will lead to fluid retention--edema and elevated bp
|
|
|
absence of ADH
|
diabetes insipidus--no reabsorption of H2O by the kidneys will lead to severe dehydration with excess thirst and excess UOP
|
|
|
Where is cortisol produced?
|
in the adrenal cortex glands, excess amts released in times of stress, increases Na+ retention by kidneys therefore increasing water retention
|
|
|
aldosterone
|
in the adrenal cortex, causes kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water and excrete K+ in exchange
|
|
|
what causes release of aldosterone?
|
decreased blood volume and decreased serum Na+ level, kidneys release renin-->angiotensinogen activated in liver-->converted to angiotensin which triggers adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone which in turn increases reabsorption of water and sodium by the kidneys-->increases blood volume and serum Na+
|
|
|
kidneys are imp for F&E balance because
|
they selectively either reabsorb or excrete water, sodium and potassium and also help with acid base balance
|
|
|
GI function also essential for
|
intake and metabolism of F&E
|
