Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
what is negative feedback
|
increasing levels of circulating hormone levels leads to the shut off of the cascade of hormone production
|
examples: rising serum calcium levels stimulates the parathyroid gland to decrease (PTH) parathyroid hormone secretion
|
|
|
what is up regulation and when does it occur
|
an increase in receptor #'s which increase's the body's sensitivity to existing hormones
up regulation occurs when there is a low level of circulating hormones |
|
|
|
what is down regulation and when does it occur
|
a decrease in the # of receptor's which decreases the body's sensitivity to existing hormone levels
down regulation occurs when there is a high level of circulating hormones |
|
|
|
water soluble hormones
|
protein based hormones (insulin, pituitary, hypothalamic PTH)
circulate in the free (unbound) form short 1/2 life- sec.'s to mins bind to receptors on the cell membrane act as 1st messengers |
|
|
|
lipid soluble hormones
|
circulate bound to protein
longer 1/2 life pass through cell membrane easily |
|
|
|
What is the Hypothalamus, what does it control and what gland does it affect?
|
links the nervous system to the endocrine system
connected to posterior pituitary via neural pathways controls body temp., hunger, thirst, and circadian cycles Produces Releasing and Inhibiting hormones that affect the pituitary gland hormone production ex. TRH which stimulates the pituitary to secret TSH |
|
|
|
what is the 1st messenger system
|
Hormones
|
|
|
|
what is the 2nd messenger system?
|
hormone affecting function inside the cell to bring about the change that the hormone was initially released for
|
it is this which facilitates the change that the body wants to bring about
|
|
|
what are the parts of the Pituitary gland?
|
Anterior & posterior
|
|
|
|
what are the glands of the Endocrine system?
|
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands (cortex)
|
|
|
|
what hormones does the Anterior Pituitary gland produce and what are their target organs?
|
they are six and all are regulated by the Hypothalamus
ACTH- Adrenal cortex TSH- Thyroid gland GH- Muscle and Bone Prolactin-Mammary glands 2 Gonadotropic hormones; LH & FSH- Gonads (ovaries & testes) |
|
|
|
What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland and what are their functions?
|
1- Oxytocin- a- facilitates secretion of milk down the ducts of breast "milk let-down " b- uterus contraction
2- ADH- reabsorption of water from kidney (nephron) i.e.anti-diuretic hormone. thus lowers urine volume |
|
|
|
What is a Thyroid-tropic hormone do?
|
Stimulates other endocrine glands
|
|
|
|
What is the Pituitary gland known as?
|
Master gland. It produces hormones which stimulate other endocrine glands.
|
|
|
|
What does ACTH stimulate?
|
Stimulates release of corticosteroid hormone (tropic) (just like TSH)
Adrenal gland: cortisol, androgens |
|
|
|
what is the function of GH?
|
a.k.a human growth hormone- causes growth of muscle, bone, protein synthesis, fat mobilization, & reaction to stressors
|
|
|
|
What is Prolactin responsible for?
|
Causes milk production
|
|
|
|
What is the function LH in men & women?
|
men- spermatogenesis & testicular growth (testosterone production)
women- induces ovulation, progesterone production |
|
|
|
What is FSH responsible for?
|
women- follicle maturation, estrogen production
men- spermatogenesis (sperm production) |
|
|
|
What is Calcitonin and what does it do?
|
thryoid gland hormone-
decreases blood calcium levels by increasing bone formation by osteoblasts and inhibiting bone breakdown by osteoclasts thus inhibits calcium resorption from bones |
|
|
|
What hormones are secreted by the Thyroid gland and what does it stimulate?
|
Calcitonin
T3-Thyroxine & T4 (iodine containing-hormones) it stimulates growth & development, metabolic activity, protein synthesis |
|
|
|
What are T3 (Thyroxine) & T4 responsible for?
|
they are iodine-containing hormones that increase metabolic rate in all cells
|
|
|
|
When is TSH produced?
|
produced when the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) which triggers the pituitary gland to release TSH
|
|
|
|
What is Grave's disease, its S&S, complications?
|
most common form of Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
an autoimmune disease where antibodies stimulate release of high levels of T3 & T4 thus, wt. loss, nervousness, tremors heat intolerance, palpitations Exophthalmos (eye bulging) Pretibial myxedema (orange peel), Goiter, Clubbing |
|
|
|
Grave's disease treatment
|
PTU & methimazole (interferes with hormone production)
radioactive iodine (RAI) thyroidectomy |
|
|
|
Hypothyroidism- S&S, Rx, etiology
|
Affects almost every system
fatigue, cold intolerance, wt. gain Rx: synthetic thyroid hormone: Levothyroxine Primary cause- thryroid surgery, radiation therapy, Hashimoto's disease, increased TSH, low T3 & T4 |
|
|
|
Congenital hypothyroidism
|
extreme Hypothyroidism during infancy/childhood
causes mental retardation, physical abnormalities Cretinism- dwarfed with short limbs Rx- thyroxine |
|
|
|
Hashimoto's thyroiditis
|
most common CAUSE of hypothyroidism
autoimmune-T cells attack cells of thyroid 10-20 times more common in women..starts in adulthood |
might include symptoms of Hyperthyroidism in early stage of disease
Inflammaltion develops in the thyroid gland, it is then destroyed and ultimately rendered hypothyroid |
|
|
What stimulates release of PTH and what are its functions?
|
Low level of Ca is potent stimulus for release of PTH which: increases serum Ca by ⇑absorption from GI tract, ⇑ Ca & phosphate resorption from bones, ⇑ phosphate excretion by kidneys
|
opposes Calcitonin effect
|
|
|
What causes hypoparathyroidism and what are its S&S and Rx?
|
consequence of thyroid/parathyroid surgery, autoimmune or congenital lack of tissue
hypocalcemia, increase in phosphate, Neuromuscular irritability (Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign) Rx: Calcium and Vitamin D |
|
|
|
Hyperparathyroidism, Causes, S&S, Rx
|
adenoma, idiopathic, malignant,
CRF(secondary)-abn. levels of Ca and phosphate ⇑bone resorption & formation prone to calculi, polyuria, tachycardia, dehydration, osteoporosis and hypercalcemia Rx: surgical removal, medical=IV hydration, & alendronate (Fosamax) for osteoporosis |
|
|
|
Hypopituitarism
|
Cortisol deficiency- lack of ACTH, life threatening, N/V, weakness, hypoglycemia
Thyroid deficiency DI Gonadal failure- loss of 2ndary sex characteristics, PP women can not lactate Hypopituitary dwarfism |
|
|
|
Growth Hormone
|
Dwarfism
Gigantism-(prior to puberty) 8-9 ft. tall Acromegaly (usually pituitary adenoma)- enlarged hands & feet, changes in facial features, proganthia, macroglossia, DM, HTN, Heart disease, cardiomegaly |
|
|
|
Antidiuretic hormone deficiency- Diabetes Insipidue (DI)
|
insufficiency of ADH- polydipsia, polyuria
3 forms- (IMP) 1.Neurogenic or Central- lesion of hypothalamus, pituitary from surgery, vascular, tumor(lack of ADH) 2. Nephrogenic- insensitivity of kidneys to ADH 3.Psychogenic- extreme lg. volume of fluid intake |
|
|
|
DI causes and S&S labs & Rx
|
closed head trauma, tumors, neurosurgery, Hypophysectomy (removal of pituitary gland)
Lg diuresis upto 15L/day Hypernatremia >145 mEq/L comparison of urine & serum Na (to assess hydration status) Rx: DDAVP (synthetic ADH) |
|
|
|
SIADH
|
ADH excess
must rule out thyroid, adrenal, renal problems water intoxication-hyponatremia, ⇓ serum osmolality, ⇑urine osmolality Rx: fluid restriction, slow correction of hyponatremia w/ hypertonic NS, demeclocycline, diuretics Ectopic production: primary lung malignancy, pulmonary disease CNS sequelae: weakness, fatigue, seizure, coma, maybe irreversible |
|
|
|
DM
|
an endocrine disorder, characterized by glucose intolerance, that affects the metabolism of all the energy nutrients
Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A_1c)- average level of glucose to which rbc has been exposed to in it's life span (90 days) 4 Types- 1, 2, Gestational, Other |
|
|
|
DM Type 1- etiology, S&S, labs
|
absolute insulin deficiency (destruction of Beta cells)
S&S- glycosuria, wt. loss (protein & fat breeakdown), polydipsia, polyuria onset usually acute labs-glycosylated hemeglobin (Hb A1c), fasting glucose, plasma glucose Rx: combination of Insulin, diet, exercise |
|
|
|
DM Type 2- etiology, causes, labs
|
relative insulin deficiency due to Beta cell dysfunction. Insulin less able to facilitare entry of glucose into muscle, liver, adipose
more common and preventable Elevated serum lipid levels Rx: diet, excercise, oral hypoglycemics, insulin |
|
|
|
Acute complications of DM
|
Hypoglycemia (from Rx)-dizziness, diaphoresis, HA, irritability
Diabetic Ketoacidosis- fat metabolized, ketogenesis, dehydration, mental status changes, severe hyperglycemia |
|
|
|
Chronic complications of DM
|
Diabetic neuropathy- most common
Microvascular disease- Diabetic retinopathy-cataracts, macular edema, retinal detachment coronary heart disease stroke, infection, peripheral vascular disease |
|
|
|
Adrenal glands
|
on top of kidney
hormone secretion regulated by CRH (hypothalamus) and ACTH (pituitary) 3 classes of horomones (cortex) -glucocorticoids, androgens, mineralocorticoids |
|
|
|
Glucocorticoids (steroid hormones)
|
involved in metabolism, anti-inflammatory, growth suppression, sleep patterns, inhibit ADH
Cortisol- most potent, needed to maintain life, protect body from stress, increase bl. sugar, control amt. of water in the body |
|
|
|
Aldosterone
|
Na retention, hydrogen, k loss
stimulated by angiotensin, activated by Na and water depletion thus affects BP |
|
|
|
Addison's Disease
|
Adrenal gland atrophy
Causes: Autoimmune, TB, ⇓cortisol, ⇓aldosterone,⇑ACTH S&S- fatigue, muscle weakness, wt. loss, hypotension, hypoglycemia, ⇓Na, ⇑k, hyper-pigmentation |
|
|
|
Cushing's Disease
|
Adrenal gland Hyperplasia
increased levels of Cortisol puffy face, truncal obesity, buffalo hump pathologic fracture renal stones loss of collagen High morbidity & mortality w/o treatment |
|
|
|
Adrenal Medulla
|
Epinephrine (Adrenaline) & Non-epinephrine "flight or fight"
increased by ACTH & glucocorticoids S&S- inc. HR, serum glucose |
|
