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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function and characteristics of the mitochondria?
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The mitochondria is the "powerhouse of the cell" because it provides most of the cells ATP by aerobic respiration,Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA and also contain two membranes a smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called the cristae
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What is the function and characteristics of ribosomes?
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They are small granules containing proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA), they are the site of protein synthesis, a functional ribosome has one small and one large subunit within
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What is the function and characteristics of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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Outside coated with ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins, responsible for synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for plasma membrane
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What is the function and characteristics of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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Catalyzes lipid metabolism, cholesterol synethesis, synthesis of lipid component of lipoproteins, synthesis of steroid based hormones such as sex hormones
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What is the function and characteristics of the Golgi Apparatus?
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Functions in the modification, concentration and packaging of proteins
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What is the function and characteristics of Lysosomes?
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Spherical bags containing digestive enzymes, digest bacteria, viruses, toxins, nonfunctional organelles, breakdown glycogen, bone, release thyroid hormone
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What is the function and characteristics of peroxisomes?
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contains oxadases and catalases, detoxify harmful substances, neutralize free radicals (highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons i.e. O2- )
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What is the function and characteristics of the plasma membrane?
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Separates the intracellular material from the extracellular fluid,plays role in uptake of extracellular material and secretion of wastes, participates in cellular communication
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What percent of extracellular fluid is blood plasma and what percent is interstitual fluid?
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20% blood plasma
80% interstitual fluid |
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What is interstitual fluid made up of?
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1.Extracellular matrix
2.basal lamina or basement membrane |
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What does Extracellular matrix (component of interstitual fluid) consist of ?
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Made up of collagen-strength,elastin-elasticity,and a gel-like ground substance-provides fluidity, The ground substance is composed of glycoproteins and proteoglycans
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What does Basal Lamina (component of interstitual fluid) consist of ?
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Mostly made up of collagen IV, forms connection between the epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue
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Intracellular environment makes up what percentage of the body's water?
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67%
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Extracellular environment makes up what percentage of the body's water?
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33%
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What is passive transport?
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Movement across a cell's membrane down the conc. gradient (from high to low), no energy is used in this process
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What is active transport?
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Movement across a cell's membrane against the conc. gradient ( from area of low conc. to area of high conc.) This process requires energy
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What is simple diffusion?
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Diffusion of non-polar, lipid substance across the membrane, diffusion occurs directly through the lipid bilayer
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Substances bind carrier proteins or go through protein channels, this is the transportation of glucose, amino acids and ions
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What are carrier proteins?
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Are integral transmembrane proteins, the carry specific polar molecules across the membrane such as sugars and amino acids
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What is osmosis?
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Movement of water molecules from area of high WATER conc to area of low WATER conc through selectively permeable membrane
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What are two ways water can pass through a plasma membrane?
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Through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion or through aquaporins (integral membrane proteins)
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What is osmolarity?
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Total concentration of solute particles per liter of solution
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What is osmolality?
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Osmoles of solute per kg of solvent
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What is tonicity?
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The concentration solutes that is UNABLE to cross the plasma membrane and exerts and osmotic pressure on the membrane, this plays a role in how a solution effects a cells volume
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What does it mean when a solution is isotonic?
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Solutions with the same solute concentration with that of the cytosol
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What does it mean when solution is hypertonic?
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Solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol, this means that the outside of the cell has higher solute conc. causing water to leave the cell and thus cell shrinkage
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What does it mean when solution is hypotonic?
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Solution having less solute conc. than that of the cytosol, this means that the higher solute conc is inside the cell causing water to rush into the cell and the cell can rupture and burst for this reason
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What are the two mechanisms of active transport?
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1. active transport-requires carrier proteins and uses ATP
2.Vesicular transport-uses vesicles to move across the membrane in or out using endocytosis or exocytosis |
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What is the symport system of active transport?
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When substances are moved across the membrane in the same direction
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What is the antiport system of active transport?
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When substance are moved across the membrane in opposite directions
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What is the best example of primary active transport?
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Na+/K+ pump
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What are two types of passive diffusion?
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Simple and facilitated
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What passes through the plasma membrane during simple passive transport?
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lipid-soluble molecules (non-polar)
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How does facilitated transport work?
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Substances bind carrier proteins or go through channel proteins
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What are some examples of substance that might pass through the cellular membrane via facilitated transport
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Glucose, amino acids, ions
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What are carrier proteins?
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Integral transmembrane proteins, show specificity to certain polar molecules such as sugars and amino acids
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Define Osmolarity
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Total concentration of solute particles per liter of soltion
osmol/L |
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Define osmolality
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The osmoles of the solute per kg of solvent
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Define Tonicity
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The concentration solutes that is unable to cross the plasma membrane, exerts osmotic pressure on the membrane
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What is primary active transport?
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ATP hydrolysis results in the phosphoralation of the transport protein, causing it to change conformations
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What is secondary active transport?
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The change in concentration gradients caused by primary active transport drives secondary active transport, i.e. Na+Glucose transporter transports glucose into the cell
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What is vesicular transport?
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Transport of large molecules across the plasma membrane, this happens via endocytosis and exocytosis
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What is transcytosis?
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moving substances into, acrossed and out of the cell
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What is phagocytosis?
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Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell's interior
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What is Pinocytosis?
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The plasma membrane infolds bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into the cells interior
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What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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main mechanism for endocytosis
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What are the three types of intracellular junctions?
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Tight junction, adherence junction, desmosome
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What is a Tight junction?
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Impermeable junction the encirlces the cell
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What is an adherence junction?
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Anchoring junction
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What is a Desmosome?
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Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells
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What is a Gap junction?
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Also called a nexus, it is a communicating junction that allows chemical substances to pass between cells which allows for rapid cell to cell communication
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What is a cells normal resting membrane potential?
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-70 millivolts, this is when a cell is in resting state with no action potenitals
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What is the normal voltage range of membrane potential in a cell?
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-20 to -200mV
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What regulates a cells membrane potential?
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Na+/K+ pump
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Is the normal cell negatively or positively charged
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Negative
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Where is Sodium more concentrated
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Extracellular fluid
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Where is Potassium more concentration?
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Intracellular fluid
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Where do cells receive input from?
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Hormones, neurotransmitters, or neighboring cells
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What is contact signaling?
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This is how cells recognize one another, this is very important during the development of the immune system
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What is electrical signaling?
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Some plasma membranes have protein channels that can sense and respond to membrane potential
ex: voltage regulated ion gates in nerve in muscle cells |
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What is chemical signaling?
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specific chemicals bond to receptors and cause a response in the cell, chemical receptors can be intracellular or extracellular
Direct: ligand-gated ion channel Indirect: G protein coupled receptors |
