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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is mitosis?
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Cell devision with complete duplication of DNA aka Nuclear Division.
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What is mitosis followed by...?
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Cytokinesis (where the cell pinches off and becomes two)
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What does cytokinesis require in order to split?
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Centriols and cetrisomes.
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What is the cell cycle?
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The process of the cell dividing.
G1 - S - G2 - M. |
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At the end of M phase, there is a period called...
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Cytokensis.
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What happens during G1?
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Every cell at least doubles all its organels.
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What happens during S phase?
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DNA is replicated?
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How many chromosomes do we have? What happens in regard to the S phase?
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We have 23 pairs = 46. We have to make 92 in order to divide.
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What happens in M stage?
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Where you split the nuclear material.
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What is the 4 steps of M stage?
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Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
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What happens in Telophase?
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The 92 chromosomes are split into two.
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What is G0?
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Where the cell going into not dividing.
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What do capsasus enxymes do?
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They are checkpoints who make sure everything is going fine.
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What is contact inhibition?
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When normal cells stop growing when the touch.
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What is apoptosis?
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The process by which cells are programmed to die.
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What does neoplasm mean?
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A new type of cells (that have replaced the normal ones)
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What are the characteristics of neoplasms?
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Uncontrolled cell growth
Atypical or immature cellls Benign Malignant - more focused on invasion and entering blood stream. |
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With malignant neoplasims you add
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Carcinoma
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With benign neoplasims you add
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Oma
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Bone cancer = ?
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Osteocarcinoma
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Why are benign cancers benign?
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Because they are encapsulated.
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What are the localized effects of tumor?
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- Pain
- Obstruction - Tissue necrosis and ulceration near site |
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What are the systemic effects of tumor?
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- Systemic Effects of Tumor
- Weight loss - Anemia - Infection; pneumonia due to low immunity - Bleeding and paraneoplastic syndrome; cancer cells produce abnormal hormones |
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How can you tell if someone can cancer of the colon?
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Checking the feces. If it is thinned out.
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What is Carcinogenesis
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Where normal cells turn into cancerous cells.
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What does in situ mean?
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differentiated; changed, but they are still in place; have no invaded another tissue.
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What is an invasive carcinoma?
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Goes through the basement membrane...
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What is Meststasis in terms of cancer.
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When you leave the origin and lodge themselves somewhere else THROUGH THE BLOOD; like lungs, brain, etc etc
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What is Seeding in terms of cancer?
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Where malignant cells invade your body but does not go through the blood, it just growth into the same area.
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Why are cancers in the abdominal cavity the worse kinds?
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These are not encapsulated. If you get pancreatic cancer, its easy for it to touch and other parts of the cavity. Its easy to spread.
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What are the sizes of cancer in their stages
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Stage 1 – Less 2 centimeters
Stage 2 – 2-5 centimeters Stage 3 – starting to invade >5 centimeters Stage 4 – no limit |
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How do things get cancerous?
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1. Initiation - changes in the DNA (mutation)
2. Exposure to “promoters”- dysplasia (small changes) or anaplasia (complete changes) (change in DNA doesn't do much until the Promoter causes the cell to grow out more) 3. Continued exposure |
