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96 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What does the cardiopulmonary system include? |
The lungs, the heart and their connections. |
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How many breaths does the average adult take per minute? |
12 to 15 breaths a minute/ over 6 milion breaths per year. |
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How fast can a sneeze travel? |
up to 100 miles per hour. |
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Where does gas exchange occur? |
In the lungs |
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How many lobes does each side of the lung have? |
Right side= 3 lobes Left side= 2 lobes |
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What is the respiratory process? |
Air moves into the into: Nose or mouth----> Pharynx--> Larynx--> Trachea--> bronchial tubes--> lungs |
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What is the inhalation process? |
1)Diaphragm muscle pulls down chest cavity 2)Air enters 3)Air moves through lungs to alveoli for gas exchange 4) Oxygen moves into blood stream from alveoli to body cells 5) Carbon dioxide removed from blood and exhaled |
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What are the protective mechanisms of the respiratory system? |
1) Epiglottis- protects the lungs from foreign objects by covering trachea during swallowing. Prevents food and foreign objects from entering the lungs 2) Mucus- Cleans inhaled air and lines airway structures 3) Cilia- Removes mucus 4) Cough expels material forcefully to keep the airway clean. |
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The adult heart pumps about ___________ quarts of blood each minute. |
5 quarts |
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How many times does the heart beat per day? |
100,000 times per day |
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How is the heart positioned in the body? |
The heart is centered in the chest than the left side/ bottom tilted. |
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What organ is the main pumping system of the circulatory system providing nutrients and oxygen to all organs of the body? |
The heart |
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What does the heart do? |
The heart attempts to provide the right amount of blood at the proper rate to make sure oxygen gets where it is needed at all times. |
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What happens if the heart doesn't pump properly? |
If it beats to quickly/thready (tachycardia), circulation is impacted and oxygen may not be available to other body structures. |
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What is the amount of oxygen needed dependent on? |
It varies depending on the task being completed. |
More oxygen is needed in the gastrointestinal system after eating. More oxygen is needed by voluntary muscle groups while exercising. Heart rate changes to to meet these needs. |
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What is the purpose of the muscular walls of the heart? |
The heart has muscular walls surrounding four chambers with valves to keep the blood moving in one direction and to prevent back flow. |
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What are the upper and lower chambers of the heart called and what is their purpose? |
Upper chambers- Atria--> Collects blood Lower chambers- Ventricles--> Pumps blood out of the heart |
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What happens in the upper chambers (atria)? |
Oxygen poor blood enters the right atrium after circulating the body, and oxygen rich blood enters the left atrium after leaving the lungs |
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What happens in the lower chambers of the heart? |
The oxygen rich blood continues to the right ventricle and then goes into the lungs to receive oxygen. The oxygen rich blood from the lungs continues to the left ventricle and the goes out to the body. |
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What are the 2 distinctive parts to a heartbeat? |
Systolic-Constrictive phase of blood flow through the heart Diastolic- Resting phase of the heart |
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Where does deoxygenated blood circulate? |
Through the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs in order to gather oxygen from inhaled air, and remove carbon dioxide waste. |
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How is oxygenated blood circulated? |
The lungs return the oxygenated blood directly to the heart to be pumped back out to the body. |
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What are common disorders of the cardiopulmonary system? |
1)Hypertension 2) Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 3)Pneumonia 4)Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 5)Congestive Heart failure 6) Myocardial Infarction |
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Which 2 chronic diseases can lead to further complications and are common preexisting conditions for many cardiopulmonary diagnoses? |
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and Hypertension |
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What is Hypertension (HTN)? |
High blood pressure is an increase in the amount of force that is pushing against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood. |
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What damage can occur from hypertension? |
Hypertension is usually asymptomatic, so it can go unnoticed and untreated for years, but it can cause damage to the heart, kidneys, and other body structures during that time. |
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When is the blood pressure considered prehypertensive? |
Any reading between 120/80 and 139/89 is considered prehypertensive and treatment is recommended.
140/90 is considered high |
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How many adults have HTN? |
1 in 3 adults |
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What are some prevention recommendations for hypertension? |
Healthy diet and exercise |
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What does treatment recommendation for HTN include? |
Physician- recommended healthcare plan, adhering to exercise and healthy eating plans, monitoring blood pressure levels, and taking medications. |
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What is coronary artery disease related to? |
It is related to atherosclerosis |
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What is atherosclerosis? |
A condition where plaque made of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances sticks to the inner lining of the arteries that are taking oxygen rich blood from the heart to the body. |
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What happens overtime as plaque hardens? |
It narrows the opening of the blood vessels, thus reducing the rate of oxygenated blood being delivered. |
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When arteries of the blood are affected by atherosclerosis, it is referred to_________. |
CAD |
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What are thought to be causes of CAD? |
Lifestyle choices and genetics |
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What are some risk factors of CAD that can/cannot be controlled? |
Controlled: Smoking, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol in some cases Not Controlled: Family history and age |
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What are some treatment recommendations for CAD? |
Physician recommended plan of care that includes healthy life choices, medications, and surgical procedures. |
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What are possible procedures for CAD? |
Angioplasty, coronoary artery bypass grafting, and carotid endarectomy. |
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What is angioplasty? |
A procedure where a small mesh tube is inserted into the coronary artery to widen the opening, thus increasing the bloodflow. |
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What is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)? |
When blockage is severe, arteries or veins from other parts of the body (often the legs) are harvested, and then surgically attached to bypass the blocked arteries near the heart. |
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What is carotid endarectomy? |
A surgery where the carotid artery in the neck is opened in order to remove some of the plaque that has formed, thus allowing better flow to the brain |
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What are some Cardiac precautions to be aware of in practice? |
1)Know your patients precautions
2)Access the appropriate, accurate, and updated Web sites or other sources for additional information about any condition when you are unsure. 3) Be comfortable using measurement devices (blood pressure cuff, stethoscope, pulse oximeter), taking a pulse, and assisting a patient with oxygen use such as placement and adjustment of the nasal cannula. 4) Communicate appropriately with your medical team, and know when to contact a doctor or a nurse with status changes. |
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What is Pneumonia? |
An inflammation of the lung tissue caused by infection, usually from bacterial, viral, or fungal sources. |
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What is community acquired pneumonia? |
Exposure to the bacteria or virus that can cause a condition in the community |
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What is hospital acquired pneumonia? |
Can happen following surgery, especially if it was abdmonial or chest surgery or if the patient is intensive care unit or has a weakened immune system. |
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What is aspiration pneumonia? |
This occurs in patients who have had a brain injury such as cerebral vascular accident or traumatic brain injury that has impacted their swallowing sequence or gag reflex. It can also occur when food or some other foreign objects enters the lungs and cause infection. |
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What age is pneumonia most common in? |
Age 65 years old and those who have a chronic condition or impaired immune system. It also can occur in younger, healthier people if the opportunity arises. |
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What is the risk factor for pneumonia? |
Age is a risk factor in the older person, the greater the chance of hospitalization and/or death from pneumonia. |
Pneumonia as a cause of death increases drastically after the age of 85. |
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What are signs and symptoms of pneumonia? |
1) Starts with cough and fever 2) shortness of breath (dyspnea) 3) sweating 4) chills 5) chest pains / tightness 6) headache 7) fatigue |
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How is pneumonia diagnosed? |
1) Physician listens to chest during breathing for crackling sound(rales)/ rumbling sounds caused by increased 2) Chest x-ray---> may be necessary to further assessment function 3) Blood in mucus test---> identify the infection causing organism |
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What are the first signs of pneumonia? |
The first signs may appear as if it is the onset of the flu, with coffee and a slight fever. |
1) Severity of symptoms can vary widely depending on the infecting organism and overall health and age of the patient. 2) If caught early or if it is a mild case, hospitalization can be avoided. 3) If hospitalization is deemed necessary, it typically last 3 to 4 days. |
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What age group can be seriously affected by pneumonia? |
Pneumonia can be serious for older adults especially if they are over 85 years old or have additional health complications. |
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What can happen if pneumonia is left untreated? |
It can lead to severe respiratory distress and death, as organs are no longer getting the oxygen they need and began to fail. |
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What are preventive measures for pneumonia? |
1) Vaccines (flu shot) 2) Antibiotics 3) Rest 4) Fluids 5) Oxygen (may be needed temporarily until the symptoms subside) 6) Coughing should be stopped totally, but can be quieted at times to allow for rest and sleep. 7) Those who are medically challenged may need to be hospitalized for closed observation and may receive intravenous antibiotics and fluids as well as oxygen. |
Pneumonia vaccines are helpful for older adults and those with challenged immune system. |
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What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? |
A progressive long condition that makes it increasingly difficult to breathe. |
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What does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) include? |
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
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How are the lungs affected by COPD? |
The lungs become more floppy and somewhat deflated, may have damaged alveoli walls or thickened mucosal linings and therefore cannot support good airflow. |
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How does emphysema affect the lungs? |
The alveoli walls may become deflated or damaged, which reduces the amount of gas exchange that can occur. |
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What happens in chronic bronchitis? |
The bronchial tubes become inflamed and thickened making it difficult to breathe. |
It is not uncommon for persons to have emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and thus the term COPD may be more appropriate. |
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What is the usual cause of COPD? |
1)Long-term inhalation of irritants. 2) The most common source of irritation is cigarette smoke but can also include air pollution, dust, or chemicals. |
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How many people are living with COPD? |
1)Over 12 million people 2) it is the 4th leading cause of death in the US |
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What is the progression of COPD? |
1) The condition worsens slowly and chronic exposure to an irritant may have occurred over several years. 2) Symptoms usually are not seen in people less than 40 years of age. 3) Incident is higher in areas of high pollution and from workers and high risk areas. |
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What are the signs and symptoms of COPD? |
1) Persistent cough that produces large amounts of mucus (smokers cough) 2) Wheezing or whistling while inhaling 3) Chest tightness 4) Dyspnea with exertion 5) If more severe: -Swelling in ankles /feet. - Bluish lips and fingernails due to decreased oxygen levels. |
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How is COPD diagnosed? |
Physician 1) Listens to lungs with stethoscope 2) Takes thorough history related to smoking or other exposure to irritants 3) Request a series of tests and labs to confirm the COPD diagnosis |
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What is the main lung function test for those with COPD? |
Spirometry---> measures how much air is forcefully exhaled and how quickly. |
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What is the progression of COPD? |
1) It is not curable 2) Slowly worsens overtime 3) Breathing becomes more difficult and less oxygen gets to the body 4) Enlarged heart from strain and blood pressure increases 5) Lack of oxygen to body structures lead to cognitive deficits and organ failure, which then leads to death |
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What modifications can be made to maintain quality of life from affects of COPD? |
1) Quit smoking 2) Avoid irritants 3) Managing symptoms 4) Flu shots 5) Preparing for emergencies by having medical information and medications conveniently located |
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What does the medical management of COPD include? |
1) Use of oxygen 2) Inhaled medications 3) Oral medications (steroids and antibiotics) 4) For serious symptoms: - Lung reduction surgery or lung transplants |
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What is congestive heart failure? |
Chronic, non curable condition where the heart does not beat strongly enough to maintain adequate blood flow to all systems in the body, causing organs to be oxygen deprived and the body to retain fluid. |
Because of the close connection to the lungs, when blood flow is weakened, fluid can build up in the tissues around the lungs causing difficulties with breathing. |
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What causes congestive heart failure? |
Infections / conditions such as heart attack that damage heart muscle. |
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What are the most common causes of congestive heart failure? |
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension (HTN). |
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Approximately, how many people in the US have congestive heart failure? |
5.8 million |
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What are symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF)? |
Symptoms may be subtle at first but will increase in intensity at the condition progresses. 1) shortness of breath 2) weight gain from fluid retention 3) swelling of feet and legs 4) decreased urine output 5) general fatigue 6) occasional nausea / vomiting 7) decreased ability to focus |
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What are signs of congestive heart failure? |
Physical examination by the physician provide information in order to make this diagnosis. 1) Distended neck arteries 2) Swollen liver during palpation 3) Fluid found in lungs 4) Swelling of feet and legs |
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What a formal diagnostic procedures for congestive heart failure? |
1) Chest x ray 2) Heart CT scan 3) Echocardiogram 4) MRI 5) Various blood and urine analysis |
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What is the progression of congestive heart failure? |
Progresses slowly over time depriving the body of needed oxygen and eventually leading to death. |
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What is one of the first sign of congestive heart failure? |
1) Shortness of breath which may be mistaken for normal part of aging early in the process. 2) Decreasing endurance and increasing difficulty in breathing worsens as the condition progresses |
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What can be done to slow the progression of congestive heart failure (CHF)? |
1) Eating right by taking smaller portions and avoiding salt 2) Exercising regularly 3) Avoiding smoking 4) Following a medical management plan can decrease the rate of progression and help minimize the symptoms as long as possible |
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What are some things you used to treat congestive heart failure? |
Medications and Surgery
Medications 1) Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors that expand blood vessels and ease the hearts workload 2) Dieuretics- help the body get rid of fluid 3) Dioxin- helps the heart contract properly
Surgery 1) Pacemaker- help to maintain a consistent heartbeat 2) Angioplasty- holds the arteries open 3) CABG and heart valve repair- to improve circulation
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What is myocardial infarction? |
Known as a heart attack, occurs when a blood vessel to the heart is blocked, causing heart muscle tissue to be without oxygen and resulting in damaged or death to that tissue. |
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What are causes of myocardial infarction? |
1.CAD- the artery wall have plaque formation that impair blood flow 2) diabetes 3) high blood pressure |
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How many seconds does someone in the US have a heart attack? |
34 seconds with approximately 16% of those dying from that event |
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What are the major symptoms of MI particularly for men? |
Chest pain and tightness, feelings of indigestion, dizziness, shortness of breath, and excessive sweating. |
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What are symptoms of MI and women? |
Women may be less likely than men to have the hallmark chest tightness symptom and tend to report shortness of breath, weakness, and fatigue. |
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How is the final diagnosis for MI made? |
1) Physical exam 2) coronary angiography 3) CT scan 4) electrocardiogram 5) echocardiography 6) MRI |
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What is the prognosis for recovery for MI? |
It depends on the amount of cardiac tissue that was damaged during the time of blockage and lenghth of time it took to receive medical attention. |
If caught and treated early, full recovery and return to all activities of daily living may be possible. Sudden cardiac death can occur early in the process. During the early hospitalization stage a recovery, time and intensive care unit may be necessary to monitor for irregular heart rhythm. |
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What does cardiac rehabilitation include? |
Exercise, education, and counseling. All of these are necessary to help patient ease back into their daily routine following Street precautions and progressing a slow and steady pace. |
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What can be done to help guide physical rehabilitation and determine safe recommended levels of activity? |
Metabolic equivalent (MET) chart |
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What is a MET? |
It is the amount of energy that an activity requires, with moore Eden Terry tasks such as watching TV or doing computer work using 1.5 to 2 METs ranging up to some competitive sports requiring 11 or amor METs. |
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Who determines the maximum MET level for the patient until healing begins? |
The physician and the team |
This determines how much exercise can be completed or how much help the person needs with daily activities. |
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What medications or surgery is needed to treat MI? |
1) Oxygen 2) Stabilizing medications 3) Surgeries to re-establish blood flow to the area 4) CABG 5) Angioplasty 6) Beta-blockers |
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What are the eight categories occupations and the OT practice framework? |
1) Activities of daily living (ADLs) 2) Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) 3) Work 4) Play 5) Leisure 6) Education 7) Sleep / rest 8) Social participation |
1.Considering each of these areas of occupation and then further exploring the specific tasks within each area provides a good base for determining the best treatment for the client. 2. After determining the occupational needs of the client, it is important to then determine the effects of his or her symptoms on occupational performance. |
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How are precautions determined for MI? |
1) By the diagnosis and general client help 2) Physician 3) Anyone on the healthcare team that recognizes a safety or health concern |
Precautions will change as clients health status changes. |
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What is turn up the caution that must be taken into consideration for cardio pulmonary disorders? |
Sternal Precautions include: 1) Do not lift more than 5 - lbs 2) No pushing or pulling with your arms 3) Do not reach behind your back our reach both arms out to the side 4) Do not reach both arms overhead |
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Table 10.1 Common Symptoms and their Impact on Occupational Performance (pg 160) |
1)Dyspnea--> clients may need frequent breaks and may need chairs placed in various positions around their house to provide a place to sit.
2) Fatigue--> clients may need to have tasks broken down into smaller parts and to do them over a longer period of time. Work simplification and energy conservation/techniques will be needed.
3) Depression--> this is a multi-layered symptom as many emotional issues, stressors, and life reviews are common with cardio pulmonary conditions. Encouraging participation, supporting successes, and being empathetic are important therapeutic skills for helping clients figure out ways to do what they need to do and their accupational areas.
4) Difficulty focusing--> visual reminders and verbal cues may be needed. Processing time may be limping, so a slower pace may be helpful when problem solving more complex tasks.
5) Anxiety--> clients may have more fear when attempting task. More time, encouragement, and pleasant distraction can help them move forward with small day today task. This can, however, become a larger issue that keep clients from doing what they need to do.
6) Light-headedness--> allow clients to sit whenever possible to complete a task. Have seats close, and encourage them to stand near a stable counter or table, or use a grab bar if standing is needed. |
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Table 10.2 Common Precautions and their Impact on Occupational Performance (pg 161) |
1) No heavy lifting--> any ties that would require lifting would need to be modified are completed by someone else. Lifting precautions also limit will chair sofa posing as this, too, put too much strain on the upper body.
2) Heart rate< 110 beats/minute--> client will need to be taught to take their own heart rate and be reminded to take it if more exertion is attempted. Written cues may be needed for reminders.
3) No activities at MET rate higher than 6--> Clients will be limited in the tasks they can complete until this precaution is lifted. In some cases, the activities that are of a higher MET value may not be permitted for many weeks.
4) Oxygen on at all times (liters determined by physician)--> clients will need to be connected to an oxygen source at all times. That usually involves a tank and a long holes that must be manipulated to ensure safety with mobility.
5) Maintain low salt diet--> clients may need to modify cooking habits and seasoning have it and to explore alternatives.
6) Record daily weight--> this is important for those with CHF. Clients may need a scale with large numbers and a system setup for recording their daily weight. Scale may need to be in a place where clients can hold on to a stable object while stepping up and down.
7) Follow recommended oral and inhaled medication schedule--> visual reminders and environmental setup may be needed. Having a dedicated site for the clients to go when doing their breathing treatments can help. |
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