Pathophysiology Ch. 07 Neoplasia

Front 1

RBC have a lifespan of approximately:
WBC have a lifespan of:

Back 1

120 days
hrs to days

Front 2

Cancer is a disorder of altered:
The resulting process is called:

Back 2

cell differentiation and growth; neoplasia

Front 3

Neoplasms are classified as:

Back 3

benign or malignant.

Front 4

Benign neoplasms are composed of:

Back 4

differentiated cells that have structure and function, but have lost control of cell proliferation.

Front 5

Malignant neoplasms are composed of:

Back 5

less differentiated cells that have lost the ability to control both cell differentiation and proliferation.

Front 6

Both benign and malignant tumors are composed of these two types of tissues:

Back 6

parenchymal and stromal.

Front 7

Benign tumors usually are named by adding the suffix ________ to:

Back 7

-oma; to the parenchymal tissue type from which the growth originated, but not "carcinoma," "blastoma," or "sarcoma," which are generally cancers.

Front 8

Carcinoma:

Back 8

A malignant tumor of epithelial tissue.

Front 9

Adenocarcinoma:

Back 9

Malignant tumors from gland-like structures.

Front 10

Squamous cell carcinoma:

Back 10

Malignant tumors from squamous cells.

Front 11

Sarcomas:

Back 11

Malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin.
mesenchyme = (bones & joints, blood, and lymphatics)

Front 12

Fibrosarcoma:

Back 12

Malignant tumors of fibrous tissue origin.

Front 13

Carcinoma =
Sarcoma =

Back 13

epithelial tissue.
connective tissue.

Front 14

What are some characteristics of benign tumors?

Back 14

Encapsulated and expands, does not spread.
Moveable on palpation.
Usually not life threatening unless pressing against a vital structure (brain, esophagus).

Front 15

Papillomas:

Back 15

Benign growths on any surface.

Front 16

Because benign tumors spread slowly, they develop:

Back 16

a surrounding rim of compressed connective tissue called a Fibrous Capsule.

Front 17

Growth rate of benign vs malignant tumors:

Back 17

benign = slow; may even regress.
malignant = fast.

Front 18

What are the two categories of malignant tumors?

Back 18

solid and hematologic

Front 19

Describe solid malignant tumors:

Back 19

They are initially confined, but cells detach as growth occurs, eventually entering the blood and lymph systems to spread to distant sites, in a process called metastasis.

Front 20

Describe hematologic malignant tumors:

Back 20

Hematologic cancers involve cells normally found within the blood and lymph, which makes them mobile diseases from the start.

Front 21

What is the grading scale of cancer?

Back 21

I - IV based on the level of differentiation of the cells; I being well differentiated and IV being poorly differentiated.

Front 22

What are some of the unique growth properties of cancer cells?

Back 22

Growth factor independence, loss of anchorage dependence, lack of Contact inhibition, impaired cohesiveness and adhesion, faulty cell-to-cell communication, and immortality.

Front 23

How do cancers infiltrate tissues?

Back 23

They make and release enzymes that break down healthy tissue, which aids their infiltration, invasion, and penetration of surrounding tissues.

Front 24

What are the two most common metastatic sites for hematogenous spread?

Back 24

the lungs (vena caval flow) and liver (hepatic flow).

Front 25

The spread of cancer occurs through three pathways:

Back 25

direct invasion and extension, seeding, and metastatic spread through the lymph or blood vessels.

Front 26

Describe or draw Oncogenesis due to damage to DNA:

Back 26

A Carcinogenic agent disrupts DNA repair in a Normal cell. The DNA damage leads to either:

Activation of growth-promoting Oncogenes or
Inactivation of Tumor-Suppressing Genes or
Alterations in genes that control apoptosis.

Either one of these leads to unregulated cell differentiation and growth, which leads to a malignant neoplasm.

Front 27

What can cause the damage to DNA that leads to Oncogenesis?

Back 27

Chemicals, radiation, viruses, or they may be hereditary.

Front 28

A relatively common pathway that cancer cells gain autonomous growth is by mutation of genes that control:

Back 28

signaling pathways which involve growth factors and their receptors.

Front 29

The process by which carcinogenic agents cause normal cells to become cancer cells is hypothesized to be a multistep mechanism that can be divided into three stages:

Back 29

Initiation, promotion, and progression.

Front 30

Initiation involves:

Back 30

The exposure of cells to a carcinogen that makes them susceptible to malignant transformation.

Front 31

The carcinogenic agents can be either:

Back 31

chemical, physical, or biologic; they do irreversible damage to that cell.

Front 32

Promotion involves:

Back 32

Unregulated growth because of various chemicals and growth factors.

Front 33

Is Promotion reversible?

Back 33

Yes, if the promoter substance is removed.

Front 34

Many chemical carcinogens are called "complete carcinogens' because:

Back 34

they can Initiate and Promote neoplastic transformations.

Front 35

Progression involves:

Back 35

Tumor cells gaining the abilities of: invasiveness, metastasis, and autonomous growth.

Front 36

What are some warning signs of Cancer?

Back 36

Unusual bleeding or discharge
Change in bowel and bladder routine
Change in skin color, shape of mole, bleeding
A sore that cannot be explained, does not heal
Unexplained weight loss
IDA, low Hgb, persistent fatigue
Persistent cough, hoarseness
A solid, painless lump

Front 37

What are some Local effects of Tumors?

Back 37

Pain, obstruction, inflammation and necrosis.
Feeling "pressure."
Infection, bleeding, ischemia of tissue.
Host resistance to infections reduced

Front 38

What are some Systemic Effects of Cancer?

Back 38

Weight loss and cachexia
Due to loss of protein, carbohydrates, nutrients that malignant cells are using, robbing normal cells.
Anemia
Loss of appetite, Iron intake and absorption low, bleeding, bone marrow suppression of new RBC
Aggravates fatigue
Severe fatigue
Diet, anemia, decreased oxygen, depression