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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is inflammation?
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A physiologic response to injury not a pathologic response.
by endogenous agents exogenous agents |
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Mechanisms of prevention?
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Intact skin 1st defense
Inflammation and nonspecific mechanisms of immunity Specific immune responses active and passive |
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Most common causes of inflammation?
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Infection Physical trauma
Chemical injury Irradiation injury Mechanical injury Thermal injury Immune reaction |
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Pathophysiology of cell injury
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Acute: Immediate and early response
Chronic: Later stage if healing does not occur or if causes of inflammation persist |
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Acute Inflammation
2 phases of responce |
Vascular response
Cellular response |
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What is vascular response?
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Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation warmth& redness Increased capillary permeability increases blood viscosity |
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Vasoconstriction post injury
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Immediate,brief response. chemical mediators sent now, Serotonin Histamine
Leukotrine Prostaglandins |
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Cellular response post injury
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Margination
Pavementing Immigration Chemotaxis |
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What is margination?
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Adherence of leukocytes to blood vessels during the first stages of inflammation.
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What is pavementing?
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Leukocytes adhere to capillary lining
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What is emmigration?
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Passage of leukocytes through the capillaries to the damaged cell.
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What is chemotaxis?
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Directional movement of leukocytes to the injured area.
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Vascular response summary
First step |
release of chemical mediators by
Mast cells Platelets |
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Vascular response summary
step 2 |
immediate vasoconstriction by the nerve reflexes.
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Vascular response summary
3rd step |
rapid release of chemicals
local vasodilation increased blood flow to area |
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Vascular Response #4
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Increased vascular permeability
Pain due to pressure on nerves from fluid leaking from capillaries. |
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Increased Capillary Permeability Response
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Plasma protein and more fluid shift into interstitial space
Dilution of toxic materials @ injury site. Globulin serves as antibodies. Fibrinogen localizes the injury agent for phagositosis. Cellular response follows. |
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Cellular Response
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Process that brings leukocytes to the area of inflammation as damaged cells release their contents.
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Cellular Elements in Inflammatory response
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Neutrophils - Phagocytosis
Basophils - Histamine release Eosinophils - Allergic response T Lymphocytes- cell-mediated immunity B Lymphocytes- Antibody production Monocytes- Macrocytes- Large Phagocytes |
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Local Effects of Injury
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Redness- Rubor
Warmth- Calor Swelling- Tumor Pain- Dolor Function Loss- Functional Lysis |
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Systemic Effects of Inflammatory Response
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Pyrexia or Fever low grade/mild
Fatigue Malaise Headache Anorexia |
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Diagnostic Tests for Inflammation
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WBC w/ diff- leukocytosis increased WBCs
ESR- increased w/ inflammation Peripheral blood smear- parasites, fungus, protozoans Cell enzymes- released by microorganisms Plasma proteins- increased |
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Chronic Inflammation
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Less swelling More collagen produced More lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, fibrous scar tissue formation. Granulomas may develop, more tissue destruction
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Cell injury and Adaptation
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Preparation for survival of the species
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