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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does the following abbreviation stand for?
JVP |
jugular venous pressure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LCX |
left circumflex
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LAD |
left anterior descending
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
AA |
abdominal aorta
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PV |
pulmonary vein
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PA |
pulmonary artery
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RA |
right atrium
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LA |
left atrium
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LV |
left ventricle
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RV |
right ventricle
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
CO |
cardiac output
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LVEDP |
left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LVESP |
left ventricular end-systolic pressure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PP |
pulse pressure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
JVD |
jugular venous distention
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LSB |
left sternal border
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RSB |
right sternal border
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
AI |
aortic insufficiency
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
AS |
aortic stenosis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
MS |
mitral stenosis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
MR |
mitral regurgitation
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
MVP |
mitral valve prolapse
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
TS |
tricuspid stenosis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PS |
pulmonary stenosis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PR |
pulmonary regurgitation
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PDA |
patent ductus arteriosis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
ASD |
atrial septal defect
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
VSD |
ventral septal defect
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
TOF |
tetralogy of Fallot
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
MI |
myocardial infarction
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
IWMI |
inferior wall myocardial infarction
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
ASMI |
anterior-septal myocardial infarction
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
AMI |
acute myocardial infarction
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PE |
pulmonary edema
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PTE |
pulmonary thrombo-embolism
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
CHF |
congestive heart failure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
CAD |
coronary artery disease
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
DVT |
deep vein thrombosis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
HTN |
hypertension
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PHTN |
pulmonary hypertension
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SBE |
subacute bacterial endocarditis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
IE |
infective endocarditis
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
HOCM |
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
CP |
chest pain
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
CHD |
congenital heart disease
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RF |
rheumatic fever
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PVD |
peripheral vascular disease
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
AAA |
abdominal aortic aneurysm
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LVH |
left ventricular hypertrophy
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RVH |
right ventricular hypertrophy
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SEM |
systolic ejection murmur
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PND |
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SOB |
shortness of breath
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
DOE |
dyspnea on exertion
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LLDP |
left lateral decubitus position
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
AF |
atrial fibrillation
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
AV |
atrioventricular
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
BBB |
bundle branch block
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PVC |
premature ventricular contraction
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PAC |
premature atrial contraction
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
VT |
ventricular tachycardia
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
VF |
ventricular fibrillation
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
CHB |
complete heart block
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
WPW |
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SVT |
supraventricular tachycardia
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SA |
sino-atrial
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
EKG |
electrocardiogram
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
ECG |
electrocardiogram
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
GERD |
gastro-esophageal reflux disease
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
HF |
heart failure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RHF |
right heart failure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LHF |
left heart failure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LAE |
left atrial enlargement
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RAE |
right atrial enlargement
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RAD |
right axis deviation
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LAD |
left axis deviation
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
IVCD |
intraventricular conduction defect
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
ASH |
asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
OS |
opening snap
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
ICS |
intercostal space
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PMI |
point of maximum impulse
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PTCA |
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
RHD |
rheumatic heart disease
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PF:SF |
pulmonary flow to systemic flow
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
LOC |
loss of consciousness
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
TEE |
transesophageal echocardiography
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SAM |
systolic anterior motion
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
MAC |
mitral annulus calcification
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
PCWP |
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SC |
subclavian
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
SVC |
superior vena cava
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What does the following abbreviation stand for?
IVC |
inferior vena cava
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What are the three layers of the heart wall?
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Epicardium (outer most)
Myocardium (middle, muscular, thickest) Endocardium (inner most) |
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Is the right or left ventricle more muscular?
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Left
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What is the function of heart valves?
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permit blood to flow through the heart in only one direction
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Which valves are semilunar?
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aortic and pulmonic (three cusps each)
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What is the sac around the heart called? What two layers make it up?
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pericardial sac - made of the fibrous pericardium (outer) and serous pericardium (inner)
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Where do the coronary arteries originate?
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the aorta, directly above the aortic valve
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What are the two major branches of the coronary artery?
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right main coronary artery
left main coronary artery |
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What occurs during diastole?
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relaxation and filling of atria and ventricles
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What occurs during systole?
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contraction of atria and ventricles
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What is cardiac output?
What is the formula for cardiac output? |
the amount of blood pumped from the heart in liters per minute
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output |
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What is stroke volume?
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the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles in one pump
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What cells are known as the "working" cells of the heart?
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myocardial cells
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What is the absolute refractory period?
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no stimulus, no matter how strong, will depolarize the cell
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What is the refractory period?
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a sufficiently strong stimulus will depolarize the cell
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What is the primary pacemaker site in the heart?
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SA node
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What is the normal rate of the SA node?
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60-100 beats per minute
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What is the normal rate of the AV node?
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40-60 beats per minute
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What is the normal rate of the Purkinje fibers?
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20-40 beats per minute
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What role do the AV node and Purkinje fibers play in controlling heart rate?
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They are the backup system if the SA node fails to stimulate the heart muscle.
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What parts of the body contain receptors for blood pressure?
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blood vessels, kidneys, brain, heart
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What do baroreceptors measure?
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changes in pressure
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What do chemoreceptors measure?
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changes in chemical composition in the blood
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How does the autonomic nervous system contribute to cardiovascular function?
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the ANS helps regulate the rate and strength of myocardial contractions via neurotransmitters
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What effects does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart?
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increases heart rate
increases speed of impulse conduction increases force of contraction dilates coronary vessels |
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What effects does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart?
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decreases heart rate
decreases speed of impulse conduction via vagus nerve (CN X) |
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What is a vaso-vagal episode refer to?
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The parasympathetic system overcompensates and causes syncope
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What drug reverses vagal induced bradycardia?
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Atropine
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What is the formula for blood pressure?
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BP = CO x PVR
CO = cardiac output PVR = peripheral vascular resistance |
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What does the Frank Starling Curve demonstrate?
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Increased contraction causes increased stroke volume
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What causes increased myocardial contractility?
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catecholamines
sympathetic nerve impulses Digitalis calcium |
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What decreases myocardial contractility?
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anoxia (severe hypoxia)
acidosis pharmacologic agents myocardial injury |
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How are the jugular veins related to the heart?
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They connect directly to the SVC and the right side of the heart
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Which jugular vein wave will be seen as a result of back-flow of blood into the SVC?
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A wave
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Which jugular vein wave will be seen as a result of increased volume and pressure in the right atrium?
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V wave
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What are the three determining factors of myocardial oxygen consumption?
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Contractility
Heart Rate Wall Tension |
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What happens during a right sided catheterization?
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Swan Ganz catheter is inserted into the right atrium and advanced to the pulmonary artery
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What can a right sided catheterization measure?
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pressure in the right atrium and pulmonary artery
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) - which indicates left atrial pressure cardiac output |
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What can be diagnosed with a right sided catheterization?
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pericardial tamponade
constrictive pericarditis right ventricular infarction ventricular septal defect |
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How is a PA chest xray done?
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film is placed against the chest, xrays go from posterior to anterior (PA)
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What is the advantage of a PA view cxr over an AP view cxr?
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PA view minimizes cardiac magnification
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How is a lateral cxr done?
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The film is placed against the patient's left side (L for left and lateral)
It is commonly ordered along with the PA view. |
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How is an AP cxr done? Why is it usually ordered?
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Film is placed behind the patients back while laying in bed so the xrays go from anterior to posterior (AP).
It is ordered for patients who are physically unable or too unstable to move around for a PA and lateral cxr. |
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In what cxr view is the IVC best seen?
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lateral cxr
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How is cardiomegaly detected on a cxr?
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If the heart is greater than 50% of the width of the thoracic cavity, then the heart is enlarged.
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What radiological test is preferred to detected an aortic aneurysm?
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chest CT with contrast
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What is a cardiac catheterization?
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Fluid filled catheters are introduced into atrial and venous circulation to allow direct measurement of intracardiac pressures, O2 sats, visualization of coronary arteries, cardiac chambers and great vessels
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What is echocardiography?
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technique that produces an image of the heart
utilizes M mode, real time ultrasound, doppler recordings and color flow |
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What are the benefits of echocardiography?
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noninvasive, unit is portable, can be performed quickly
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What does echocardiography evaluate?
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valvular anatomy and function, quantitates pressure and flow
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What can be diagnosed with echocardiography?
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pericardial effusion, valvular vegetation, intracardiac tumors, LV thrombi, LA clots, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, hypertrophic obstructive cardiopathy, cardiomyopathy, LV aneurysm, atrial septal defect, ventral septal defect
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What is a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)?
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Transducer is placed directly in the esophagus via endoscopic camera to give a clearer image without the lung interference of a normal echo
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What can be diagnosed with a TEE?
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valvular vegetation, ventricular thrombi, atrial myxomas, intracardiac shunts
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How is nuclear imaging used in cardiology?
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there is decreased radionuclide uptake in the areas of ischemia
useful to check myocardial perfusion in conjunction with a stress test - known as a nuclear stress test areas that show defect at rest and after exercise show infarct/scar while areas that show improved uptake at rest show ischemia but are viable |
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What are the five types of shock?
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cardiogenic
cardiac tamponade pulmonary embolus hypovolemic distributive |
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What is cardiogenic shock?
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decreased cardiac output as a result of dysfunction
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What is shock?
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systemic organ hypoperfusion, usually associated with hypotension, that leads to cell injury and death
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What is hypovolemic shock?
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decreased intravascular volume
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What is distrubutive shock?
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decreased systemic vascular resistance
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What is cardiac tamponade shock?
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decreased cardiac output as result of obstruction to flow
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What is pulmonary embolus shock?
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obstruction of blood flow due to a pulmonary embolus lodged at the bifurcation of the right and left pulmonary arteries
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How is shock treated?
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administer IV fluids
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How does cardiogenic shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure? cardiac output? systemic vascular resistance? |
PCWP: increased
CO: decreased SVR: increased |
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How does cardiac tamponade shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure? cardiac output? systemic vascular resistance? |
PCWP: increased
CO: decreased SVR: increased |
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How does pulmonary embolus shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure? cardiac output? systemic vascular resistance? |
PCWP: normal or decreased
CO: decreased SVR: decreased |
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How does hypovolemic shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure? cardiac output? systemic vascular resistance? |
PCWP: decreased
CO: decreased SVR: increased |
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How does distributive shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure? cardiac output? systemic vascular resistance? |
PCWP: decreased
CO: increased SVR: decreased |
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What are the three components of cardiac stress testing?
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Standard Bruce Protocol for exercise on treadmill
EKG Thallium (radionuclide) |
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What can a CT and/or MRI diagnose?
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aortic aneurysm
acute aortic dissection congenital abnormalities constrictive pericarditis left ventricular volume and ejection fraction coronary artery calcification |
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When is an MRA beneficial?
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it studies vasculature in patients with contraindications to contrast angiography
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What is the ABI?
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ankle-brachial index
normal systolic pressure in the thigh is similar to the pressure in the brachial artery lesser than or equal to 0.9 is abnomal less than 0.5 will show symptoms at rest |
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What condition can you overlook if you think you are just looking at a chest xray backward?
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citis inversis (organ reversal)
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