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163 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

JVP
jugular venous pressure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LCX
left circumflex
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LAD
left anterior descending
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

AA
abdominal aorta
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PV
pulmonary vein
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PA
pulmonary artery
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RA
right atrium
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LA
left atrium
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LV
left ventricle
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RV
right ventricle
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

CO
cardiac output
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LVEDP
left ventricular end-diastolic pressure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LVESP
left ventricular end-systolic pressure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PP
pulse pressure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

JVD
jugular venous distention
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LSB
left sternal border
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RSB
right sternal border
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

AI
aortic insufficiency
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

AS
aortic stenosis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

MS
mitral stenosis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

MR
mitral regurgitation
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

MVP
mitral valve prolapse
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

TS
tricuspid stenosis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PS
pulmonary stenosis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PR
pulmonary regurgitation
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PDA
patent ductus arteriosis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

ASD
atrial septal defect
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

VSD
ventral septal defect
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

TOF
tetralogy of Fallot
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

MI
myocardial infarction
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

IWMI
inferior wall myocardial infarction
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

ASMI
anterior-septal myocardial infarction
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

AMI
acute myocardial infarction
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PE
pulmonary edema
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PTE
pulmonary thrombo-embolism
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

CHF
congestive heart failure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

CAD
coronary artery disease
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

DVT
deep vein thrombosis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

HTN
hypertension
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PHTN
pulmonary hypertension
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SBE
subacute bacterial endocarditis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

IE
infective endocarditis
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

HOCM
hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

CP
chest pain
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

CHD
congenital heart disease
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RF
rheumatic fever
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PVD
peripheral vascular disease
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RVH
right ventricular hypertrophy
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SEM
systolic ejection murmur
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SOB
shortness of breath
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

DOE
dyspnea on exertion
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LLDP
left lateral decubitus position
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

AF
atrial fibrillation
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

AV
atrioventricular
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

BBB
bundle branch block
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PVC
premature ventricular contraction
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PAC
premature atrial contraction
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

VT
ventricular tachycardia
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

VF
ventricular fibrillation
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

CHB
complete heart block
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

WPW
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SVT
supraventricular tachycardia
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SA
sino-atrial
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

EKG
electrocardiogram
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

ECG
electrocardiogram
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

GERD
gastro-esophageal reflux disease
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

HF
heart failure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RHF
right heart failure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LHF
left heart failure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LAE
left atrial enlargement
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RAE
right atrial enlargement
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RAD
right axis deviation
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LAD
left axis deviation
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

IVCD
intraventricular conduction defect
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

ASH
asymmetrical septal hypertrophy
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

OS
opening snap
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

ICS
intercostal space
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PMI
point of maximum impulse
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

RHD
rheumatic heart disease
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PF:SF
pulmonary flow to systemic flow
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

LOC
loss of consciousness
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

TEE
transesophageal echocardiography
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SAM
systolic anterior motion
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

MAC
mitral annulus calcification
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

PCWP
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SC
subclavian
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

SVC
superior vena cava
What does the following abbreviation stand for?

IVC
inferior vena cava
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium (outer most)
Myocardium (middle, muscular, thickest)
Endocardium (inner most)
Is the right or left ventricle more muscular?
Left
What is the function of heart valves?
permit blood to flow through the heart in only one direction
Which valves are semilunar?
aortic and pulmonic (three cusps each)
What is the sac around the heart called? What two layers make it up?
pericardial sac - made of the fibrous pericardium (outer) and serous pericardium (inner)
Where do the coronary arteries originate?
the aorta, directly above the aortic valve
What are the two major branches of the coronary artery?
right main coronary artery
left main coronary artery
What occurs during diastole?
relaxation and filling of atria and ventricles
What occurs during systole?
contraction of atria and ventricles
What is cardiac output?

What is the formula for cardiac output?
the amount of blood pumped from the heart in liters per minute

Heart Rate x Stroke Volume = Cardiac Output
What is stroke volume?
the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles in one pump
What cells are known as the "working" cells of the heart?
myocardial cells
What is the absolute refractory period?
no stimulus, no matter how strong, will depolarize the cell
What is the refractory period?
a sufficiently strong stimulus will depolarize the cell
What is the primary pacemaker site in the heart?
SA node
What is the normal rate of the SA node?
60-100 beats per minute
What is the normal rate of the AV node?
40-60 beats per minute
What is the normal rate of the Purkinje fibers?
20-40 beats per minute
What role do the AV node and Purkinje fibers play in controlling heart rate?
They are the backup system if the SA node fails to stimulate the heart muscle.
What parts of the body contain receptors for blood pressure?
blood vessels, kidneys, brain, heart
What do baroreceptors measure?
changes in pressure
What do chemoreceptors measure?
changes in chemical composition in the blood
How does the autonomic nervous system contribute to cardiovascular function?
the ANS helps regulate the rate and strength of myocardial contractions via neurotransmitters
What effects does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart?
increases heart rate
increases speed of impulse conduction
increases force of contraction
dilates coronary vessels
What effects does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart?
decreases heart rate
decreases speed of impulse conduction
via vagus nerve (CN X)
What is a vaso-vagal episode refer to?
The parasympathetic system overcompensates and causes syncope
What drug reverses vagal induced bradycardia?
Atropine
What is the formula for blood pressure?
BP = CO x PVR

CO = cardiac output
PVR = peripheral vascular resistance
What does the Frank Starling Curve demonstrate?
Increased contraction causes increased stroke volume
What causes increased myocardial contractility?
catecholamines
sympathetic nerve impulses
Digitalis
calcium
What decreases myocardial contractility?
anoxia (severe hypoxia)
acidosis
pharmacologic agents
myocardial injury
How are the jugular veins related to the heart?
They connect directly to the SVC and the right side of the heart
Which jugular vein wave will be seen as a result of back-flow of blood into the SVC?
A wave
Which jugular vein wave will be seen as a result of increased volume and pressure in the right atrium?
V wave
What are the three determining factors of myocardial oxygen consumption?
Contractility
Heart Rate
Wall Tension
What happens during a right sided catheterization?
Swan Ganz catheter is inserted into the right atrium and advanced to the pulmonary artery
What can a right sided catheterization measure?
pressure in the right atrium and pulmonary artery
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) - which indicates left atrial pressure
cardiac output
What can be diagnosed with a right sided catheterization?
pericardial tamponade
constrictive pericarditis
right ventricular infarction
ventricular septal defect
How is a PA chest xray done?
film is placed against the chest, xrays go from posterior to anterior (PA)
What is the advantage of a PA view cxr over an AP view cxr?
PA view minimizes cardiac magnification
How is a lateral cxr done?
The film is placed against the patient's left side (L for left and lateral)

It is commonly ordered along with the PA view.
How is an AP cxr done? Why is it usually ordered?
Film is placed behind the patients back while laying in bed so the xrays go from anterior to posterior (AP).

It is ordered for patients who are physically unable or too unstable to move around for a PA and lateral cxr.
In what cxr view is the IVC best seen?
lateral cxr
How is cardiomegaly detected on a cxr?
If the heart is greater than 50% of the width of the thoracic cavity, then the heart is enlarged.
What radiological test is preferred to detected an aortic aneurysm?
chest CT with contrast
What is a cardiac catheterization?
Fluid filled catheters are introduced into atrial and venous circulation to allow direct measurement of intracardiac pressures, O2 sats, visualization of coronary arteries, cardiac chambers and great vessels
What is echocardiography?
technique that produces an image of the heart
utilizes M mode, real time ultrasound, doppler recordings and color flow
What are the benefits of echocardiography?
noninvasive, unit is portable, can be performed quickly
What does echocardiography evaluate?
valvular anatomy and function, quantitates pressure and flow
What can be diagnosed with echocardiography?
pericardial effusion, valvular vegetation, intracardiac tumors, LV thrombi, LA clots, mitral valve prolapse, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, hypertrophic obstructive cardiopathy, cardiomyopathy, LV aneurysm, atrial septal defect, ventral septal defect
What is a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)?
Transducer is placed directly in the esophagus via endoscopic camera to give a clearer image without the lung interference of a normal echo
What can be diagnosed with a TEE?
valvular vegetation, ventricular thrombi, atrial myxomas, intracardiac shunts
How is nuclear imaging used in cardiology?
there is decreased radionuclide uptake in the areas of ischemia

useful to check myocardial perfusion in conjunction with a stress test - known as a nuclear stress test

areas that show defect at rest and after exercise show infarct/scar while areas that show improved uptake at rest show ischemia but are viable
What are the five types of shock?
cardiogenic
cardiac tamponade
pulmonary embolus
hypovolemic
distributive
What is cardiogenic shock?
decreased cardiac output as a result of dysfunction
What is shock?
systemic organ hypoperfusion, usually associated with hypotension, that leads to cell injury and death
What is hypovolemic shock?
decreased intravascular volume
What is distrubutive shock?
decreased systemic vascular resistance
What is cardiac tamponade shock?
decreased cardiac output as result of obstruction to flow
What is pulmonary embolus shock?
obstruction of blood flow due to a pulmonary embolus lodged at the bifurcation of the right and left pulmonary arteries
How is shock treated?
administer IV fluids
How does cardiogenic shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
cardiac output?
systemic vascular resistance?
PCWP: increased
CO: decreased
SVR: increased
How does cardiac tamponade shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
cardiac output?
systemic vascular resistance?
PCWP: increased
CO: decreased
SVR: increased
How does pulmonary embolus shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
cardiac output?
systemic vascular resistance?
PCWP: normal or decreased
CO: decreased
SVR: decreased
How does hypovolemic shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
cardiac output?
systemic vascular resistance?
PCWP: decreased
CO: decreased
SVR: increased
How does distributive shock affect:
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure?
cardiac output?
systemic vascular resistance?
PCWP: decreased
CO: increased
SVR: decreased
What are the three components of cardiac stress testing?
Standard Bruce Protocol for exercise on treadmill
EKG
Thallium (radionuclide)
What can a CT and/or MRI diagnose?
aortic aneurysm
acute aortic dissection
congenital abnormalities
constrictive pericarditis
left ventricular volume and ejection fraction
coronary artery calcification
When is an MRA beneficial?
it studies vasculature in patients with contraindications to contrast angiography
What is the ABI?
ankle-brachial index
normal systolic pressure in the thigh is similar to the pressure in the brachial artery

lesser than or equal to 0.9 is abnomal
less than 0.5 will show symptoms at rest
What condition can you overlook if you think you are just looking at a chest xray backward?
citis inversis (organ reversal)