Pathophysiology: Alterations In Fluids & Solutes, Altered Cellular & Tissue Biology, Altered Cellular Proliferation

Front 1

Osmosis

Back 1

Fluid shifts (movement of water) between comparments (plasma vs. interstitial vs. cell)

Front 2

Osmolarity

Back 2

Measurement of how concentrated a comparment is

Front 3

High Concentration

Back 3

More solutes, less water

Front 4

Low Concentration

Back 4

Less solutes, more water

Front 5

Tonicity/Salinity

Back 5

Saltiness of a fluid

Front 6

Normal Tonicity of blood is _____

Back 6

0.9% saline concentration (NaCl); isotonic

Front 7

Hypertonic/Hyperosmolar

Back 7

Saline concentration higher than 0.9%; blood is more concentrated

Front 8

Hypotonic/Hypoosmolar

Back 8

Saline concentration is lower than 0.9%; blood is less concentrated

Front 9

Osmotic Pressure

Back 9

Pressure exerted by all the solutes in a compartment

Front 10

Higher osmolarity, _____ osmotic pressure

Back 10

Higher

Front 11

Oncotic Pressure

Back 11

Same principle as osmotic pressure, but specifically to protein molecules

Front 12

Rule of Osmosis

Back 12

Water will always want to move from a more dilute compartment to a more concentrated compartment

Front 13

Two Fluid Balance Changes

Back 13

Water lost = Increased concentration of plasma space (blood); tissue to blood shift
Water gained/protein lost = decreased concentration of plasma space (blood); blood to tissue shift

Front 14

Skin Turgor

Back 14

State of flexibility or tightness of the skin cells due to how much water they have

Front 15

Oliguria

Back 15

Diminished urinary output

Front 16

S&S Dehydration of Brain Cells

Back 16

Restlessness, confusion, unconsciousness, convulsions

Front 17

High serum osmolarity = (hyper/hypo)osmolar

Back 17

Hyperosmolar

Front 18

Intrinsic Hormonal Compensatory mechanism to correct fluid volume deficit and/or low blood pressure

Back 18

RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Front 19

Explain RAAS

Back 19

Increased Renin secreted, stimulates secretion of Angiotensin I which becomes Angiotensin II with the help of ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)

Front 20

Increased Renin is secreted when:

Back 20

Blood osmolarity is high, fluid volume in circulation is low, blood pressure is low

Front 21

Angtiotensin II Duties

Back 21

Stimulate peripheral vasoconstriction and increase secretion of aldosterone

Front 22

Peripheral Vasoconstriction

Back 22

Less blood will flow into constricted blood vessels; blood stays within central circulation

Front 23

Aldosterone

Back 23

Kidney tubules retain sodium (Na+), water follows the sodium (Na+) back into circulation, decreasing urine output, increase in circulatory volume

Front 24

RAAS is suppressed when:

Back 24

Fluid volume is high

Front 25

ADH

Back 25

Antidiuretic Hormone; assists RAAS secretion

Front 26

Water gain/protein loss results in:

Back 26

Decreased blood osmolarity

Front 27

Excess water causes _______ of blood.

Back 27

Dilution; lower serum osmolarity

Front 28

Edema

Back 28

Excess fluid being pulled into the tissue
Imparis body processes: healing and oxygen exchange

Front 29

During kidney failure, water ________

Back 29

Accumulates

Front 30

SIADH

Back 30

Syndrome of Inappropriate (Increased) Antidiuretic Hormone

Front 31

Abnormally high levels of ADH:

Back 31

Decreased urination ("holding onto" water) increases vascular fluid volume; Water has been added to the blood which dilutes the plasma compartment

Front 32

Solutes most affected by fluid shift:

Back 32

Sodium (Na+)
Proteins

Front 33

Hypoproteinemia

Back 33

Protein loss in the blood

Front 34

Causes of Hypoproteinemia

Back 34

Diminished protein production, diminished protein intake, and plasma protein loss

Front 35

Sequelae of Hypoproteinemia

Back 35

Less solutes in blood, lower concentration in plasma compartment, and lower concentration that neighboring tissue; Vascular space is hypoosmolar and has low oncotic pressure

Front 36

Blood to Tissue Fluid Shift state

Back 36

Fluid volume overload or excess

Front 37

Fluid volume excess/overload labs and pt's blood characteristics

Back 37

Low serum osmolarity; pt's. blood would be hypoosmolar, hypotonic, low oncotic pressure, and low osmotic pressure

Front 38

Correcting fluid volume excess/overload hormone

Back 38

Natriuretic Peptide System (NPS)

Front 39

Natiruretic Peptide System (NPS)

Back 39

Increases urination (diuresis)

Front 40

Apoptosis

Back 40

Normal cell death; programmed death; cell suicide

Front 41

Necrosis

Back 41

Abnormal cell death; occurs from irreversible cell injury

Front 42

Inflammation

Back 42

Commonality of all injury to cells/tissue
One of the first steps to healing

Front 43

In the case of bad cell swelling and leaking

Back 43

Water is coming in, intracellular substances are leaking out into immediate surrounding tissue and finds way into capillaries, and thus into blood stream

Front 44

Serum lab measurements of intracellular proteins (diagnostic/prognostic)

Back 44

Higher serum measurement, worse damage

Front 45

Creatine Kinase

Back 45

Catalyze transference of phosphate groups back and forth between ADP and ATP

Front 46

Myoglobin

Back 46

Muscle protein

Front 47

Troponin

Back 47

Protein molecule only found in heart muscle

Front 48

Ischemia

Back 48

Oxygen deprivation to cells (hypoxia) due to a decrease in arterial circulation to a specific area

Front 49

Mechansim of ischemia

Back 49

Narrow and/or blocked arteries; chronic or acute

Front 50

Acute ischemia examples

Back 50

Arterial embolus
Sickle Cell Crisis

Front 51

Arterial Embolus

Back 51

Clot travels in arteries until it is lodged in small blood vessel

Front 52

Sickle Cell Crisis

Back 52

Abnormally shaped RBCs get stuck in capillaries

Front 53

Chronic ischemia examples

Back 53

Atherosclerosis
Thrombus

Front 54

Atherosclerosis

Back 54

Gradual narrowing of arteries

Front 55

Thrombus

Back 55

Slow-developing clot

Front 56

Infarction

Back 56

Untreated acute/chronic ischemic situation; Necrosis from lack of arterial blood supply to specific area

Front 57

Carbon Monoxide mechanism

Back 57

Carbon monoxide (CO) has a high affinity for hemoglobin (Hgb); CO binds to Hgb, forms Carbodyhemoglobin (HgCO) which prevents oxygen from binding to Hgb

Front 58

Abnormal Cellular Accumulations: Gout

Back 58

Systemic disease caused by a build up of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia)

Front 59

Uric Acid

Back 59

Breakdown product of purine (organic compound); normally excess uric acid is excreted in urine

Front 60

Free Radicals

Back 60

Separate molecular "species", do not behave like normal atoms and molecules; "spin-off" of abnormal, accelerated, and/or uncontrolled reactions

Front 61

Adaptation

Back 61

Process of accommodating to a new situation the body is undergoing, or creating a new state to accommodate changes in environment/situation; temporary or permanent

Front 62

Normal adaptation is __________.

Back 62

Physiologic

Front 63

Abnormal adaptation is __________.

Back 63

Pathologic

Front 64

Atrophy

Back 64

Decrease/shrinkage in cellular size

Front 65

Hypertrophy

Back 65

Increase in cellular size (consequently, organ increases in size too); accumulation of cellular proteins, NOT cellular fluid

Front 66

Hypertrophy is cause by ___________.

Back 66

Hormonal situation of increased functional demand

Front 67

Hyperplasia

Back 67

Increase in number of cells resulting from increased rate of cell division

Front 68

Metaplasia

Back 68

Reversible replacement of one mature cell by another type of mature cell; happens when cells are subjected to chronic injury or irritation

Front 69

Dysplasia

Back 69

Abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury/irritation

Front 70

Cell Proliferation

Back 70

Multiplication or reproduction of cells; rapid expansion of cell population

Front 71

An altered cell proliferation disease process includes _______.

Back 71

Cancer

Front 72

Tumor/Neoplasm

Back 72

Abnormal mass of tissue

Front 73

Benign Tumor Characteristics

Back 73

Slower growth rate, well-encapsulated, non-metastasizing, well-differentiated, closely resemble tissue they arose from

Front 74

Malignant Tumor Characteristics

Back 74

Very rapid growth rate, poor differentiated, metastasis can occur (not well-encapsulated)

Front 75

Metastasis

Back 75

Invasion of sites distant to immediate area

Front 76

Oncology

Back 76

Study/Field of cancer

Front 77

Cancer Etiology

Back 77

Gene mutations (prompted by many factors)

Front 78

Oncogene

Back 78

Genetic mutation that sets cancer into motion

Front 79

Clonal Proliferation

Back 79

Promoted by the oncogene, rapid increase in growth and development

Front 80

Clonal proliferation occurs by ______.

Back 80

Cells overreacting to growth factor signals (wild, rapid duplication with no differentiation), overriding normal "braking" signals, stimulating development of tumor's own blood supply (cancer cells divert nourishment from other cells)

Front 81

Anaplasia

Back 81

Loss of differentiation

Front 82

Angiogenesis

Back 82

Development of new blood vessels

Front 83

Tumor Markers

Back 83

Substances produced in the body by cancer cells or released by cancer-damaged tissue that can be found in blood, spina fluid, or urine

Front 84

Genetic Markers

Back 84

Genetic abnormalities that are found in some peoople that predict the odds of having certain types of cancer

Front 85

Staging of a Tumor

Back 85

How far along the growth is

Front 86

Staging Measurements: T, N, M

Back 86

T = Size of tumor
N = Extent of lymph node involvement
M = Metastasis

Front 87

Metastasis

Back 87

Spreading of cancerous cells to other tissues beyond the local lymph nodes

Front 88

Classification of Tumors

Back 88

Benign and Malignant

Front 89

Benign Tumors: Naming

Back 89

First part of name = Tissue involved
Ends with "oma"

Front 90

Malignant Tumors: Naming

Back 90

First part of name = Cell type of origin and
Root word of "carcino", "sarco", or "blasto"
Ends with "oma"

Front 91

Carcinoma

Back 91

Epithelial tissue

Front 92

Sarcoma

Back 92

Connective tissue

Front 93

Blastoma

Back 93

Neural tissue