Pathophysiology

Front 1

Homeostasis:

Back 1

internal stability of the body

Front 2

Pathology:

Back 2

abnormal condition causing measurable changes in structure and function

Front 3

Pathogenesis:

Back 3

development of disease in stages

Front 4

Systemic health:

Back 4

Internal equilibrium

Front 5

Syndrome:

Back 5

Defined collection of signs and symptoms that characterize a condition

Front 6

Disease state:

Back 6

Inability to adapt to internal/external stressors or challenges

Front 7

Signs

Examples:

Back 7

Abnormal objective findings

redness, swelling, purulent discharge, fever

Front 8

Symptoms

Examples:

Back 8

Subjective patient reports

difficulty swallowing, pain, fatigue, headache

Front 9

Acute Illness

Back 9

onset is usually abrupt
symptoms present themselves over hours to days
duration brief (<6 months)

Front 10

Chronic Illness

Back 10

onset is slower
symptoms persist from acute/subacute phases
duration indefinite (> 6 months)

Front 11

Genetic mutations:

Back 11

change N D genetic code that:
are passed from 1 generation to the next, may occur spontaneously,may be caused by agents that disrupt the normal DNA sequence

Front 12

Modes of Inheritance for Genetic Diseases

Back 12

Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
X-linked (sex-linked) recessive

Front 13

Autosomal dominant:

Back 13

single abnormal gene on only one of a chromosome pair will cause disease

Front 14

Autosomal recessive:

Back 14

same abnormal gene present on both chromosomes of a pair

Front 15

X-linked (sex-linked) recessive:

Back 15

abnormal gene is only located on an X chromosome

Front 16

Infection
Modes of transmission include:

Back 16

Direct/indirect physical contact
Body fluids/blood, Inhalation
Ingestion
Insect/animal

Front 17

Infection
Pathogenic agents include:

Back 17

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protozoa

Front 18

Body’s defense systems against infection:

Back 18

natural mechanical & chem. barriers
inflammatory response
immune response

Front 19

Acute inflammatory response is marked by:

Back 19

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Front 20

Acute inflammatory response can be inhibited by:

Back 20

Immune disorders
Chronic illness
Medications, especially steroids

Front 21

Cancer

Back 21

A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation/growth.D growth proliferates @ D expense of healthy cells & tissues & can develop into masses of abnormal cells or tumors.

Front 22

Benign tumors

Back 22

Benign tumors
develop slowly
can arise from any tissue
usually remain encapsulated (self-contained)
rarely recur after surgical removal

Front 23

Malignant tumors

Back 23

cells multiply rapidly
dont usually resembleDtissue of origin, often recurrent
invade surrounding tissue
infiltrate to distant sites (metastasize)

Front 24

Cancer risk factors

Back 24

tobacco smoke(active & passive), heavy use of alcohol
exposure to environmental carcinogens
high fat/low fiber diet
excessive exposure to sunlight/UV light
sedentary lifestyle
exposure to radiation/radon

Front 25

Cancer screening guidelines
Men

Women

Back 25

PSA test,Testicular self-exam

Pap smear,Mammogram
Breast self-exam

Front 26

Cancer Treatment

Back 26

surgery, radiation
chemo, hormone therapy
immunotherapy
Palliative surgery

Front 27

Hospice Care
may be home-based or in a facility with dedicated hospice services/beds

Back 27

comfort & supportive care for the pt&fam during terminal stages & into bereave. period,
emphasize palliative tx,neither hastens nor postpones death
considers dying as a normal process,provides phy., psycho., & spiritual support

Front 28

Predisposing Factors
to disease:

Back 28

age,gender
lifestyle,environment
heredity

Front 29

Non-changeable predisposing factors to disease:

Back 29

age
gender
heredity

Front 30

Changeable predisposing factors:
1)Lifestyle
2)Environment

Back 30

1)phy.abuse & violence,poor nutrition,tobac, drug, & alcohol
2)air & H20 pollution,chronic stress

Front 31

Preventive health care

positive personal health behaviors:

Back 31

mod. of identified risk factors
prophylactic med. services
environ. and workplace safety

Front 32

Immune disorders

Back 32

hypersensitivity reaction (allergy)
autoimmune disease
immunodeficiency disorder

Front 33

Hypersensitivity reaction

Back 33

Exposure to allergen, which acts as antigen
Triggers release of histamine
Symptoms mild to life-threatening

Front 34

Aging Process

Back 34

metabolic changes (> liver & kidney funct),> total body H2O
chang N body composition (^ adipose tissue, > muscle mass),> bone density

Front 35

Pain Physiology

Back 35

stimu.of nociceptors on free nerve endings,impulses travel thro spinal cord to brain,
usua signa injury/tissue dama,
may travel a parallel pathway along spinal cord to brain, resulting in referred pain in another part of the body

Front 36

Pain Medications

Back 36

analgesics:opioids (narcotics)
NSAIDS
antidepressants
anticonvulsants
antispasmodics

Front 37

Psychological Pain

Back 37

feelings of sadness,despair, anger, depression, helpless, hopeless,impaired thought processes,disrupted sleep patterns, personality changes,
cry/show signs of withdrawal

Front 38

Diagnosis of Disease

Back 38

medical hx,phy exam, lab test (CBC, chemistry)
imaging tests (MRI, CT, X-ray, ultrasound, etc.),biopsy

Front 39

Holistic Medical Care
Focuses on the needs of the whole person

Back 39

physical
spiritual
psychological
social
emotional
intellectual

Front 40

Cultural Diversity
Individuality based on numerous differences

Back 40

race, ethnicity, language
culture, religious beliefs
values/life experiences

Front 41

Alternative Medicine
Therapies complementary to traditional medicine:

Back 41

osteopathy
acupuncture and acupressure
massage & reflexology
relaxation therapy
herbal/nutritional supplements
chiropractic, hypnosis

Front 42

Genetic Counseling

Back 42

Communication revolves around D occurrence/potential for a genetic d/o in a fam,
Genetic testing may B recomm
Test results, risks of disease dev, & avail tx options discussed

Front 43

Gene therapy

Back 43

Experimental intervention repairs/blocks the expression of specific genes to tx disease.
The disease txed with gene therapy may be either inherited/acquired.

Front 44

Goals of patient teaching

Back 44

facilitate pt. compliance with the medical tx plan, clarify info. & instructions, foster pt. independ. & responsi. est. trusting, therapeutic relationship

Front 45

Additional reasons for patient teaching

Back 45

ease anx.,facilitate ^sense of pt. control, improve pt./family coping, highlight goals for recovery/acceptance,>unneces clinic visits & hospitalizations