Pathophysiology 1

Front 1

Systemic inflammation involving multiple organs is common in the immunologically mediated diseases, such as SLE.
_______ is also a systemic disorder that usually begins as a localized disorder.

Back 1

sepsis

Hint 1

s

Front 2

Inflammations typically produce two important clinical findings:
1. Fever: an elevation in body temperature that exceeds 37 degrees centigrade. A typical response to acute inflammation caused by an endogenous pyrogen. Substances called _______ and _________ act on the thermoregulator centers in the Hypothalamus, which serves as a thermostat.

Back 2

Interleukin I and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

Hint 2

I and T

Front 3

______________ is a potentially fatal disease that causes numerous detrimental effects to many organs, especially the brain and liver. It is associated with aspirin consumption by children with viral diseases such as chicken pox.

The disease causes fatty liver with minimal inflammation, and severe encephalopathy (with swelling of the brain). The liver may become slightly enlarged and firm, and there is a change in the appearance of the kidneys. Jaundice is not usually present.[1]

Early diagnosis is vital, otherwise death or severe brain damage may follow.

Back 3

Reye's Syndrome

Hint 3

R Syndrome

Front 4

If the threshold of the thermostat is raised, the temperature of the body rises.
The fever is mediated by prostaglandins that are released by pyrogens (IL-2 and TNF) in the hypothalamic center, and will abate on its own when the source of the inflammation is eradicated.
The pyrogens are released from ______ and _______ during inflammation.

Back 4

PMNs and marcrophages

Hint 4

P and m

Front 5

Prostaglandins are involved in the raising of body temperatures. This substance can block the effect of prostaglandins.

Back 5

aspirin

Hint 5

a

Front 6

Inflammation typically produces two important clinical features: 1) Fever, 2) __________

Back 6

leukocytosis

Hint 6

l

Front 7

Mediators of inflammation act on the bone marrow, stimulating rapid release of ________

Back 7

leukocytes

Hint 7

l

Front 8

Normal WBC count is less than 10,000 WBCs/mm3. When numbers exceed 12-15,000, this is called __________. In acute inflammation, the neutrophils predominate. Other symptoms are nonspecific, including weakness, depression, pain, exhaustion, and no ______.

Back 8

leukocytosis, appetite

Hint 8

l, a

Front 9

#1 cause of meningitis in AIDs patients

Back 9

cryptococcus

Hint 9

c

Front 10

_________ virus can cause myocarditis

Back 10

cocksackie

Hint 10

c

Front 11

Considered to be the mildest form of inflammation.
Characterized by the exudation of fluid that is clear like serum, and occurs in the early stages of most inflammations.

Back 11

serous inflammation

Hint 11

s

Front 12

In early stages of pneumonia, this type of inflammation can be recognized as a proteinaceous material inside the alveolar space that contains only a few inflammatory cells that, as time goes by, proliferate in the fluid.

Back 12

serous inflammation

Hint 12

s

Front 13

Typical of many viral infections, such as the skin vesicles caused by Herpesvirus. These vesicles are filled with _____ fluid.

Back 13

serous

Hint 13

s

Front 14

Autoimmune disorders, such as SLE, can affect the _______ surfaces and cause a _____ pericarditis, pleuritis, or peritonitis.

Back 14

serosal, serous

Hint 14

s, s

Front 15

2nd degree skin burns causes ______ blisters.
The ________ fluid is readily resorbed without consequences if the cause is eliminated.

Back 15

serous, serous

Hint 15

s, s

Front 16

This type of inflammation is characterized by an exudate that is rich in fibrin, formed from long strands of polymerized fibrinogen, which is one of the largest plasma proteins.

Back 16

fibrinous inflammation

Hint 16

f

Front 17

________ exudates are indicative of severe inflammation, and in contrast to serous exudates, which contains predominantly Ig’s and Albumin, that have leaked from intact blood vessels, extravasation of fibrin occurs through larger vascular or tissue defects.

Back 17

fibrinous

Hint 17

f

Front 18

This inflammation is seen in many bacterial infections, such as Strept throat or pneumonia.

Back 18

fibrinous inflammation

Hint 18

f

Front 19

Example of what type of inflammation: In tuberculous pericarditis, the surface of the heart is covered with shaggy, yellowish layers of ______ that bridge the space between the two layers of the pericardial sac, obliterating the cavity. When the friable fibrin strands are separated, the epicardium and pericardium resemble bread and butter taken apart.

Back 19

fibrinous inflammation, fibrin

Hint 19

f,f

Front 20

Example of what type of inflammation: Does not resolve as easily as a serous exudate.
Macrophages invade the exudate and have the capacity to lyse the fibrin.
Blood vessels grow into the exudate, providing a route for macrophages, and is responsible for the process of ___________, whereby the blood vessels fill the space occupied by fibrin and further obliterate it.

Back 20

fibrinous inflammation, organization

Hint 20

f, o

Front 21

In fibrinous inflammaition, the _________ in the exudate also stimulate the ingrowth of fibroblasts that further contributes to the fibrous adhesion (I.e. adhesive pericarditis).
The fibrous scarring of the pericardial sac may completely encase the heart and prevent its expansion in diastole (constrictive pericarditis)

Back 21

macrophages

Hint 21

m

Front 22

adhesive pericarditis can lead to ________ pericarditis

Back 22

constrictive

Hint 22

c

Front 23

What type of inflammation is this? Typically caused by pus-forming bacteria, such as Staph and Strept.
A viscous, yellow fluid composed of dead and dying PMN’s and necrotic tissue debris.
Pus may accumulate on the mucosa, skin, or in the internal organs.

Back 23

purulent inflammation

Hint 23

p

Front 24

A localized collection of pus with an organ or tissue is called an ________.

Back 24

abscess

Hint 24

a

Front 25

In purulent inflammaition, an abscess consists of a central portion of purulent material surrounded by a wall composed of a capsule of fibrotic granulation tissue. They do not heal spontaneously and must be evacuated.
Large abscesses tend to rupture, forming a ______ (a cavity usually occupied by a previous abscess that drains through a tract to the surface of the body

Back 25

sinus

Hint 25

s

Front 26

In purulent inflammation, large abscesses may also form _________, which are channels formed between two preexisting cavities or hollow organs and the surface of the body. A _______ can be formed between two loops of bowel, fused together by inflammation.

Back 26

fistula, fistula

Hint 26

f, f

Front 27

An accumulation of pus in a preformed cavity is called an ________ (ie. Thoracic ________)

Back 27

Empyema, empyma

Hint 27

e,e

Front 28

________ are characteristic of Crohn's disease.

Back 28

fistulas

Hint 28

f

Front 29

Inflammation of body surfaces or the mucosa of hollow organs, like the stomach or intestines, may result in _________, or a loss of epithelial linings.

Back 29

ulceration

Hint 29

u

Front 30

An ______ is defined as a defect involving the epithelium, but may extend into the deeper connective tissues as well (I.e. peptic _____)

Back 30

ulcer, ulcer

Hint 30

u, u

Front 31

A form of ulcerative inflammation that is combined with fibrinopurulent exudation.

Back 31

pseudomembranous inflammation

Hint 31

p inflammation

Front 32

The exudate of fibrin, pus, cellular debris and mucous forms a __________ on the surface of ulcers that can be scraped away to expose ulcerated defects that bleed profusely.

Back 32

pseudomembrane

Hint 32

p

Front 33

____________ causes pseudomembranous colitis, caused by a bacterial overgrowth secondary to intake of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Back 33

C. difficule

Hint 33

C. d

Front 34

Diarrhea that contains necrotic tissue debris, mucous, shed epithelial cells from mucosa, RBCs and WBCs

Back 34

dysentary

Hint 34

d

Front 35

_________ (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is the term for tenesmus (painful straining to pass stool), cramping, and frequent, small-volume severe diarrhea associated with blood in the feces. Symptoms frequently include fever and malaise.

Back 35

dysentary

Hint 35

d

Front 36

90% of PID: trichamatis of clamydia, Nisseria gon
Two complications of PID: 1) sterility 2) ___________

Back 36

ectopic pregnancy

Hint 36

e p

Front 37

Inflammation that lasts a long time and produces more extensive tissue destruction and has a tendency to heal less readily.

Back 37

chronic inflammation

Hint 37

c i

Front 38

Marked by an exudate which contains lymphs, macrophages, and plasma cells, all which can stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts (collagen), with loss of parenchymal cells, and scarring. (I.e. fallopian tubes affected by PID are scarred and twisted.

Back 38

chronic inflammation

Hint 38

c i

Front 39

A special form of chronic inflammation that typically is not preceded by an acute, PMN-mediated inflammation.

Back 39

granulomatous inflammation

Hint 39

g i

Front 40

This type of inflammation may be caused by antigens that evoke a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, or by antigens that persist at the site of inflammation.

Back 40

granulomatous inflammation

Hint 40

g i

Front 41

This is the prototype granulomatous disease, as are certain fungal diseases.

Back 41

Tuberculosis

Hint 41

t

Front 42

_____________ reactions are mediated by macrophages and T-lymphocytes that accumulate at the site of injury, forming nodules in which the macrophages interconnect with one another and transform into so-called epitheloid cells.

Back 42

Granulomatous

Hint 42

G

Front 43

In contrast to macrophages that are motile and phagocytic, __________ cells are immobile and produce secretory products that act as mediators of inflammation.

Back 43

epitheloid

Hint 43

e

Front 44

This occurs in what type of inflammation? The epithelioid cells may fuse to form multi-nucleated giant cells found on the rim of the granulomas.

Back 44

granulomatous inflammation

Hint 44

g i

Front 45

TB, Histoplasma, and Cryptococcus are all associated with central _________ necrosis, in contrast to Sarcoidosis which exhibit non-caseating granulomas.

Back 45

caseating

Hint 45

c

Front 46

___________ destroy tissue and tend to persist for a long time.

Back 46

granulomas

Hint 46

g

Front 47

What type of inflammation is this? In the lungs, confluent necrotizing granulomas may cause cavities, erode blood vessels, and ultimately destroy the lung.
Bleeding from these eroded blood vessels into the large lung cavities is a well known complication of pulmonary tuberculosis.
Fibrosis induced by chronic inflammation may destroy the organ and incapacitate the patient.

Back 47

granulomatous inflammation

Hint 47

g i

Front 48

PMNs and fibrin are characteristic of what?

Back 48

acute inflammation

Hint 48

a i

Front 49

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells are characteristic of what?

Back 49

chronic inflammation

Hint 49

c i

Front 50

PMNs are associated with virus or bacteria?

Back 50

bacteria

Front 51

Mononuclear cells are associated with a virus or bacteria?

Back 51

virus