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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is disease or pathology?
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A pattern of response of a living organism to some form of injury – some alteration in normal function
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What is "normal" physiology?
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No absolute value exists for any biological parameter; there are only averages and a range around that average
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what is etiology
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cause
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what is pathogenesis
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mechanism of development
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what is clinical manifestation
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Functional consequences, observable result
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what are the 4 main etiologies
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idiopathic (unknown)
extrinsic (outside) intrinsic (inside) iatrogenic (caused by medical care) |
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what factors effect pathogenesis?
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time, quanitity, location, morphological changes
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what are symptoms
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subjective manifestations of disease, put in quotes
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what are signs
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objective, measureable, identifiable
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is pain a sign or symptom
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both
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latent period
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between injury and very first manifestations of signs and symptoms
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prodromal period
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first manifestations of signs/symptoms, which are usually nonspecific
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acute phase
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specific signs and symptoms "what makes the disease what it is"
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chronic phase
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severity of signs and symptoms are reduced and sometimes completely resolve. often characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission
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subclinical stage
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disease is firmly established but but consequences are well compensated for or are not yet detectable. can see in labs
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what is total body water
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all of the fluid in the body. TBW=ICF+ECF (60% body weight)
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why does TBW differ with age and gender
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higher body fat, less % body weight that is water. more fat, less total body water.
• These ppl deyhydrate faster, because if they lose water, they are losing a larger percentage of their total body water. |
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What controls the distribution of fluids between ICF and ECF?
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• Osmolarity controls distribution of fluids between ICF/ECF. Major osmolite is albumin, also Na/K/atpase pump match to make isotonic
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What controls the distribution of fluids between the Intravascular and Interstitial compartments?
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plasma oncotic pressure, interstital oncotic pressure, capillary hydrostatic flow, interstital hydrostatic pressure
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what is a buffer?
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donates or accepts H+ ion and maintains pH in a stable range.
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important buffering system
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bicarbonate/carbonic acid
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what is the diff between metabolic acid/alkalosis and respiratory acid/alkalosis
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metabolic - not a respiratory cause; respiratory - breathing too fast or too slow.
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normal pH
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7.35-7.45
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how to get rid of acid
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resp fix: breathe off CO2/ metabolic fix: kidney secrete h+, resorb bicarbonate
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water regulated systemically
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ADH/Thirst system. as plasma gets concentrated, plasma osmolarity inc, ADH inc, thirst inc.
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osmolytes (Na and K) regulated systemically and intracellularly
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renin-angiotensin (systemically)
Na/K/atpase pump (intra cell) |
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sodium in ECF or ICF?
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ECF
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potassium in ECF or ICF?
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ICF
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hypoxia
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limit/interrupted O2 delivery to tissue, O2 deprivation
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ischemia
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diminished blood flow, therefore creating hypoxia
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anoxia
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complete, total interruption of O2 delivery, obstructed bloodflow, precedes tissue infarction (death)
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damage by free radicals/reaction oxygen species
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lipid peroxidation, disruption of protein function, DNA damage
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atrophy
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number and size of cells reduced, scale down
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hypertrophy
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cell size increase
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water regulated systemically
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ADH/Thirst system. as plasma gets concentrated, plasma osmolarity inc, ADH inc, thirst inc.
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osmolytes (Na and K) regulated systemically and intracellularly
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renin-angiotensin (systemically)
Na/K/atpase pump (intra cell) |
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sodium in ECF or ICF?
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ECF
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potassium in ECF or ICF?
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ICF
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hypoxia
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limit/interrupted O2 delivery to tissue, O2 deprivation
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ischemia
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diminished blood flow, therefore creating hypoxia
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anoxia
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complete, total interruption of O2 delivery, obstructed bloodflow, precedes tissue infarction (death)
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damage by free radicals/reaction oxygen species
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lipid peroxidation, disruption of protein function, DNA damage
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atrophy
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number and size of cells reduced, scale down
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hypertrophy
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cell size increase
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hypertrophy
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bigger cells than normal, but same number (like when cells cant divide - i.e. cardiac tissue)
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hyperplasia
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more cells, may or may not be normal size
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what events lead to hydropic swelling as a result of hypoxic injury
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with hypoxic injury, na/k/atp can't work, and electrolyte shift brings na into cell. water follows, cell and organelles swell, cell dies.
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coagulative necrosis
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cell swells and explodes. lose regularity of shape. less space between cells.
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liqudiative necrosis
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no connective tissue (brain)
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cassius necrosis
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a lot of connective tissue, looks like cottage cheese
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fat necrosis
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adipose tissue - breast, pancreas. get saponification because intracellular calcium goes extracellualr
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what cellular response is never adaptive and is considered pre neoplastic?
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dysplasia. cells are out of control and potentially pre cancerous. no more normal regulation of cell division.
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4 Lymphoid cells
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• Dendritic cells
• T cells • NK cells • B Cells |
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B Cells
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– differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies
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NK cells
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– innate immunity
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T cells
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– cell mediated immunity
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dendritic cells
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– extracellular drinking. Reside in tissue, “drink” ecf, present antigen if present
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2 myeloid types
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granulocytes, macrophages
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which granulocyte doesnt circulate?
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mast cells
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what are 4 Granulocytes
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• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils • Basophils • Mast Cell |
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mast cell
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– similar to basophil, but don’t circulate.Stores of histamine that they release initiate inflammatory cascade.
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Basophils
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– stimulate inflammatory response via histamine
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Eosinophils
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– when cell attacked by pathogen too big to phagocytize, punch hole in membrane of pathogen. Also in allergic reaction.
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Neutrophils
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– front line of defense against inflammation(clear away dead cells)
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macrophages
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• Either circulate as monocytes – are recruited to site of inflammation and engulph what is not supposed to be there
• Or migrate to tissue during development, can stay there for 30 years |
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What is the relationship between monocytes and macrophages?
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Macrophages are the terminally differentiated form of monocytes.
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What are the similarities between basophils and mast cells?
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Basophils and mast cells both function to initiate the inflammatory cascade using histamine
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What are the differences between basophils and mast cells?
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basophils circulate while mast cells pick a tissue and live there.
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