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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PQRST
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This is the different parts of the ECG reading.
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P
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The first part of the ECG reading, it is supposed to be a short rounded hill.
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QRS
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This is the second part of the ECG. It looks like a mountain.
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The Q part of QRS
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the Q part is a slight dip that is the start of the mountain of QRS.
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The R part of QRS
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The R part is the peak of the mountain and is the highest point in the ECG reading.
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The S part of QRS
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The end of the QRS mountain, it is the lowest part of QRS.
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The T part of PQRST
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The last part of the ECG reading. It is a small hill that is slightly bigger than the first hill and at times may be pointer, but still looks like a hill.
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Charge of out side of muscle fiber membrane
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Positive charge
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Charge on inside of muscle fiber membrane
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negative charge
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serum Potasium (K) concentration outside of cell in the plasma when hyperKalemic.
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K+= 5 mEq/L
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Nodal tachycardia
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The heart nodes work like muscle and nerves. They contract like muscle and have impulses like nerves. Sign of hypokalemia
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Ventricles
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are the two large bottome chambers of the heart, tackycardia and fibrilation can occur there.
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ventricle premature beats
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sounds like a skipped beat but is actually an extra beat, is a sign of hypokalmeia.
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First degree AV block
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sighn of hyperkalmia, prolonged PR interval.
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corticosteriods may do what to you?
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Make you hypokalmeic.
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Diuretics commonly cause what
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Hypokalemia
ie: diuretics help control blood pressure. |
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Release from intracellular compartmants such as Tissue trauma, burns, and curshing injuries can cause what?
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Hyperkalemia
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Renal failure can cause what?
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Hyperkalemia
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Excessive Gastrointestal losses such as, dierhea, vomiting, gastrointestinal suction, and draining gastrointestinal fistula can cause what?
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HypoKalemia
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Transcompartamental shifts such as administration of B-adrenergic agonist, insulin, and alkalosis can cause wha?t
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HypoKalemia
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Increased intestinal absorbtion from, exsessive vitaman D, excessive calcium in diet, and milk-alkali syndrome may cause what?
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Hypercalcemia
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Increased bone reabsorbtion caused by increased levels of parathyroid hormone, Malignant neoplasms, and prolonged immobilization may cause what?
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Hypercalcemia
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Decreased Elimination of calcium due to thiazide diuretics and lithium therapy may cause what?
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HyperCalcemia
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Calcium leval at 10.5 mg/dl or higher means what?
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Hypercalcemia
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If somone is suffering from Nauseia, vommiting, anorexia, and constipation what would be a likely cause?
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Hypercalcemia
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IF somone feels muscule weekness, atrophy, loss of muscle tone, latheragy, and flank pain what might they have?
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Hypercalcemia
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if somone has a serum calcium level around 8.5 mg/dl what might they have?
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Hypocalcemia
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IF someone has decreased intake absorption from, malabsorption, vitiman D defficency, liver disease, kidney disease, and take medication that may impair vitiman D intake (phenytoin) what might they get?
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Hypocalcemia
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Aldosis or increased PH from hyperventilating may cause what?
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Hypocalcemia
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Cardiovascular manifestations such as, hypotension, sighns of cardiac insufficiancy, failure to respond to to drugs that act on calcium mediated mechanisms. prolong QT interval may be caused by what?
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Hypocalcemia
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Bone defficncies, bone pain, and fracture can be caused by what?
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Hypocalcemia
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What are inborn errors in metabolism?
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Inborn errors of metabolism comprise a large class of genetic diseases involving disorders of metabolism. The majority are due to defects of single genes that code for enzymes that facilitate conversion of various substances (substrates) into others (products).
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What is a Quantatative inborn error in metabolism?
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Molecular deletion and molecular addition are forms quantatative errors.
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What is a qualatative error in matabolism?
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Moleqular alteration
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Name two very important types of inborn errors?
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Sickle cell anemia and phenylketonuria (PKU)
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What is the gentic error that cause sickle cell anmeia?
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Substitution of Valine for Glutamic acid in 6th position of B chain of hemoglobin.
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What can infarction effect?
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Infarction can effect everything.
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Chromosonal disorders, what would happen if a person has XXX?
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Females with triple X syndrome are sometimes taller than average and have an increased risk of learning disabilities and delayed speech and language skills. Developmental delays and behavioural problems are also possible, but these characteristics vary widely among affected girls and women. Most females with triple X syndrome have normal sexual development and are able to conceive children.
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What does it mean when somone has XXY?
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Ths is know as Klinefelter syndrome. A male that is tall, long legs, small genitals, mental impairment, female like brest, high pitched voice, sterile. The more X's the higher the degree of mental impairment and physical change, xxy, xxxy, xxxxy.
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What does a single X mean?
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Turner syndrome, spreding of niples, sterile, webbing of neck.
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What happens when a person has a trisome of the 21 chromosome?
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Down syndrome, virtually all males are sterile, some females can reporduce,
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Sympathetic Ophthalmia is what type of disease?
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It is an Autoimmune disease more specifically a "hidden antigen disease."
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In Hashimoto's Thyroiditis what does the immune system form antibodies against and what does that lead to?
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Thyroglobulin and it leads to hypothyroidism
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Explain the steps in a cross reaction auto immune disease?
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1. An antigen invades the body
2. Antibodies are formed 3. Body organ or tissue resemble antibody so is attacked by immune system because it is considered an antigen. |
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In the cross reaction auto immune disease of Rheumatic Fever, what do toxins from streptococcus resemble in our body?
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Protein in the heart, muscles, and joints cross react (closely resemble)the streptococcal toxins. The result is the immune system attacking those systems.
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Why is Lupus so hard to diagnose?
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Because it has so many random symtoms so it is often misdiagnose.
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Are dark moles on the body a symptom of lupos?
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no
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Is chest pain upon deep breathing a sighn of lupos
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Yes
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Are extreme fatigue and swollen glands signs of lupus?
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Yes
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Are yellow nails a sign of lupus.
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no
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Is cotton mouth a sign of lupus
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no
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Do people who have lupus get pale or purple fingers and toes from stress.
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yes
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IS fatigue a sign of lupus?
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yes
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What is an Arythmia a sign of?
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hypo or hyperKalemia
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Is parkinson's a degenerative disease, if so what does it is ware down?
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Basal ganglea. The basal ganglea are a type of feed back control between your muscles and brain.
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Why do people get parkinsons?
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It is idiopathic, unknown.
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If a 27 year old person has parkinsons, what can be the reason for that?
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Drugs
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What chemical does the basal ganglia mediated and is replaced by drugs for people with Parkinson?
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Dopamine
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What is the worse type of seizure?
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Grand mal or Tonic-clonic seizure
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What is another name for the absence seizure?
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petit mal seizure
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What happens in a partial or Jacksonion seizure?
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It starts in a part of the body and starts to spread. It may start in the face or fingers and spread to an entire side of a body.
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Complex symptoms or psychomotor seizures have what kind of characteristics?
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Clapping of hands, flapping of lips, recollection of memories, patient conscious but does not remember what happened.
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What are the subcategories of CVD or cerebral vascular disease?
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Cerebral thrombosis
Cerebral embolism Cerebral hemorrhage Not very common, cerebral vascular insufficiency. |
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What are the 5 most common stroke symptoms?
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1. sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, leg, or especially one side of the body.
2. Sudden confusion or trouble speaking/ understanding. 3. Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes. 4. Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination. 5. Sudden severe headache with no know cause. |
