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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 types of extracellular fluid?
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Interstitial
Intervascular transcellular |
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what endocrine organ controls the thirst mechanism?
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hypothalamus
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What is the function of ADH?
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controls the amt of fluid leaving the body in the urine
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What is the function of aldosterone?
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determines the reabsorption of both Na+ ions and H2O from the kidney tubules.
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
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The pressure which is exerted on a portion of a column of H2O as a result of the weight of the fluid abot it.
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The process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium. The act of changing a fluid by passing it through a filter.
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Filtration
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the movement of particles from and are of high concentration to and area of low concentration.
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Diffusion
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The movement of H2O through a semi-permeable membrane.
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Osmosis
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When a cell expends energy to move molecules or ions aross a membrane.
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Active Transport
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When there is an equal amt of sol'n inside and outisde the cell, so the cell has reached equilibrium.
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Isotonic
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When there will be a greater amt outside the cells than inside, the cell equilibrium will move in balance, which will make the cell swell.
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Hypotonic
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There is more sol'n inside the cell than outside, which means the sol'n will move out, making the cell shrivel up.
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Hypertonic
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What are the 4 general causes of edema and a disease that represents each?
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1. Inceased capillary hydrostatic pressure, forcing excessive amts of fluid out and prevents return of the interstitial compartment
EX: Pulmonary edema 2. Loss of plasma protiens, reducing plasma osmotic pressure. EX: Kidney disease 3. Obstruction of lymphatic circulation, restrictingthe return of excess fluid and protien to the gen. circulation. EX: Damage to Lymphnodes 4. Inceased capillary permiability-as in inflammation, resulting in fluid and protien movement into the interstitial compartment. EX: Hypovelemia |
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These are causes of what:
-Vomit -Diarrhea -Diaphoresis -DKA -Insufficient H2O intake -Fever -Drainage/suction -Severe burns -Deacreased aldosteron or ADH secretion -Prolonged hyperventilation |
Dehydration
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A situation in which fluid shifts out of the blood and into a body cavity or tissue where it's no longer available as a circulating fluid.
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Third Spacing
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An increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in serum pH which can result either from an increase in CO2 (acid) levels due to respiratory problems or from a decrease HCO3- (base) ions b/c of metabolic or renal problems.
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Acidosis
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An increase in serum pH or decreased hydrogen ions.
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Alkalosis
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Excess fluid in the interstitial compartment
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Edema
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Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, forcing excessive amts of fluid out and prevents return of fluid from the interstitial compartment...is considered what?
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One of the 4 gen. causes of edema.
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Loss of plasma preoteins, circulation, restricting the return of excess fluid and protein to the gen. circulation...is considered what?
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One of the 4 gen. causes of edema
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Obstruction of lymphatic circulation, restricting the return of excess fluid and preotein to the gen. circulation...is considered what?
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One of the 4 gen. causes of edema
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Increased capillary permiability-as an inflammation, resulting in fluid and preotein movement into the interstitial compartment...is considered what?
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One of the 4 gen. causes of edema
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What form of edema is responsible for:
A swollen arm following mastectomy |
Obstruction of lymphatic of lymphatic circulation due to removal of lymphatic vessels; increased capillary permeability and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure immediately following surgery
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What form of edema is responsible for:
The abd swelling that accompanies cirrhosis |
loss of plasma proteins due to decreased production of plasma proteins
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What form of edema is responsible for:
The swelling that accompanies inflammation |
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure and increased capillary permeability
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What form of edema is responsible for:
The generalized edema that occurs in severe kidney disease |
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to increased blood volume; possibly due to decreased capillary osmotic pressure due to protein-wasting kidney disease
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What form of edema is responsible for:
Swelling of the ankles that often happens at the end of the day or after prolonged standing |
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure due to effects of gravity
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What form of edema is responsible for:
SWELLING THAT OCCURS FOLLOWING MULTIPLE TOOTH EXTRACTIONS |
Increased cap hydrostatic pressure and increased cap permeability due to inflammation
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What form of edema is responsible for:
edema that may accompany cancer |
Obstruction of lymphatic circulation or increased cap hydrostatic pressure if blood vessels are compressed
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What form of edema is responsible for:
edema that accomplanies burns |
increased cap permeability and loss of plasma proteins
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What form of edema is responsible for:
edematous hands and ankles that sometimes accomplany excessive ingestion of salt |
increased cap hydrostatic pressure due to increased H2O retention
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What form of edema is responsible for:
the abd swelling that occurs w/ starvation |
Loss of plasma proteins due to decreased synthesis of plasma proteins
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What form of edema is responsible for:
Swelling of the ankles associated w/ heart probs |
increased cap hydrostatic pressure
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What form of edema is responsible for:
swelling associted w/ alergeric rxn's, such as hives |
increased cap hydrostatic pressure and increased cap permeability due to inflammation
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ID THE TYPE OF MEDICATION THAT COULD BE USED TO TREAT THE EDEMA IN THE FOLLOWING SCENARIO:
Swelling of the ankles associated w/ heart probs |
diuretic
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THAT COULD BE USED TO TREAT THE EDEMA IN THE FOLLOWING SCENARIO:
After the extraction of 4 "wisdom teeth |
glucocorticoid
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THAT COULD BE USED TO TREAT THE EDEMA IN THE FOLLOWING SCENARIO:
A swollen ankle caused by an athletic injury |
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory
(NSA) |
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THAT COULD BE USED TO TREAT THE EDEMA IN THE FOLLOWING SCENARIO:
Nasal congestion due to allergies |
antihistamine
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THAT COULD BE USED TO TREAT THE EDEMA IN THE FOLLOWING SCENARIO:
laryngeal edema caused by an anaphylactic rxn |
adrenergic agonist
OR sympathomimetic epinephrine |
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THAT COULD BE USED TO TREAT THE EDEMA IN THE FOLLOWING SCENARIO:
Swollen tonsils caused by a stretococcal infection |
antibiotic
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Id the effects of edema:
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1. Local swelling
2. Pale, gray or red skin color 3. Weight gain w/ pitting edema 4. Functional impairment of joints or movement of orands such as the heart and lungs 5. Slow, bounding pulse and high BP 6. Pulmonary congestion, cough, rales 7. Lethargy 8. Possible seizures 9. Pain 10. Impairment of arterial circulation |
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List 8 causes of dehydration:
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1. Vomit
2. Diarrhea 3. Diaphoresis 4. DKA 5. Insufficient water intake 6. Fever 7. drainage or suction 8. severe burns 9. decreased alosterone or ADH secretion 10. Prolonged hyperventalation |
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Describe the manifestations of dehydration.
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1. Sunken/soft eyes
2. Descreased skin turgor 3. Thirst 4. Weight loss 5. Rapid, weak pulse 6. Hypotension 7. Fatigue 8. Weakness 9. Dizziness 10. Possible stupor 11. Increased body temp |
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What is the most serious complication of dehydration?
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Hypovelemic shock
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Id the compensatory mechanisms that would be recruited during dehydration:
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1. Thirst
2. Increasing heart rate 3. Constricting cutaneous blood vessels 4. Decreasing urinary output |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Renal failure |
1. Hyponatremia
2. Hyperkalemia 3. Hypocalcemia 4. Hypermagnesemia 5. Hyperphosphatemia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Prolonged vomiting |
1. Hyponatremia
2. Hypocholremia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Insufficient secretion of ADH |
1. Hypernatremia
2. Hypocholoremia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Prolonged used of corticosteroids |
1. Hypernatremia
2. Hypokalemia 3. Hypercholoremia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Hyperparthyroidism |
1. Hypercalcemia
2. Hypophosphatemia 3. Hypomagnesemia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Insufficient secretion of ADH |
1. Hypernatremia
2. Hypocholoremia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Hyperparathyroidism |
1. Hypernatremia
2. Hypokalemia 3. Hypercholoremia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Diaphoresis |
1.
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Diaphoresis |
1. Hyponatremia
2. Hypocholoremia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Prolonged immobility |
Hypercalcemia
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Diuretic therapy |
1. Hyponatremia
2. Hypokalemia 3. Hypomagnesemia 4. Hyperkalemia (w/ K+ sparring diuretics) |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Aldosterone insufficiency |
1. Hyponatremia
2. Hyperkalemia 3. Hypocholoremia |
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D |
Hypocalcemia
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Cancers involving bone |
Hypercalcemia
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ID THE ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE(S) THAT COULD DEVELOP IN EA OF THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS:
Prolonged diarrhea |
1. Hyponatremia
2. Hypokalemia 3. Hypophophatemia |
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The skeletal muscle spasm due to hypocalcemia
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Tetany
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What chemical imbalance is associated w/ tetany
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Hypocalcemia
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Id the electrolyte imbalnces that affect nml cardiac function
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1. Hypokalemia
2. Hyperkalemia |
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What electrolyte imbalance may result from in the formation of kidney stones
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Hypercalcemia
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Explain the difference btwn volatile and nonvolatitle acid
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Volatile Acids: can change btwn liquid and gaseous state
Nonvolatile Acids: can't be converted to a gaseous form |
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State the nml bicarbonate ion to carbonic acid ratio in blood
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20 : 1
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Id the 4 major buffer systems
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1. Sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system
2. Phosphate system 3. Hemoglobin system 4. Protein system |
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An individual's bicarbonate : carbonic acid ratio in 10 : 1. What acid-base imbalance in present?
What manifestations would the individual experience? |
Imbalance: metabolic acidosis
Manifestations: 1. rapid, deep respirations 2. lethargy 3. weakness 4. confusion 5. coma 6. decreased pH of urine |
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Prolonged corticosteroid therapy |
Metabolic alkalosis-slow, shallow breathing
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Chronic bronchitis |
Respiratory acidosis-more acidic urine
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Induced vomiting (i.e. Bulimia) |
Metabolic alkalosis-slow, shallow respirations
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Narcotic or barbituate overdose resulting in respiratory depression |
Respiratory acidosis- more acidic urine
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Fasting |
Metabolic acidosis- increased rate and depth of respirations and more acidic urine
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Panic attack w/ hyperventalation |
Respiratory alkalosis- period of apnea and increased urine pH
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Pneuomina, w severe bronchial congestion |
Respiratory acidosis- more acidic urine and increased rate and depth of respiration (if possible)
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Hyperaldosteronism |
Metabolic alkalosis- slow, shallow respirations
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Chronic diarrhea |
Metabolic acidosis-increased rate and depth of repirations, more acidic urine
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Uncontrolled DM |
Metabolic acidosis- increaed rate and depth of respiration, more acidic urine
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ID WHICH ACID-BASE IMBALANCE COULD POTENTIALLY DEVELOP. ALSO ID THE COMPENSATORY MECHANISM(S) THAT MIGHT PREVENT THIS FROM OCCURING.
Renal failure |
Metabolic acidosis- increased rate and depth of repiration
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