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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is health
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physical, mental and social well being |
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what is disease
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deviation from normal body state, normally in homeostasis |
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what are health indicators used
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-technological advancements - that measure health -what is normal levels is also affected by age, gender, genetics, environment, activity level |
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seven steps to health
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-eat vegetables fruit, high fiber low fat food, limit alcohol -physical activity -protect from sun -cancer screening guidelines -regular doctor and dentist check ups -safety and work guidelines set up for home/wok |
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what is pathophysiology
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deviating from homeostasis -involves knowledge of normal anatomy and physiology -involves knowledge of how tissues normally look like, structure -recognizing signs and symptoms of diseases |
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what is disease prevention
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-maintain vaccines, screening programs, regular visits, community health programs |
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what factors are taken into account when taking medical history
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allergies hospitalizations treatments specific difficulties therapy/drugs - prescription, nonprescription, herbal remedies, food supplements |
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it's important to keep updated on new developments and trends such as
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diagnostic tests more effective drugs new technologies new research to prevent, control or cure disease |
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what is gross level assessment
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looking at a person overall, and assessing their health on an overall level organ, system level |
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what is microscopic level assessment
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looking for changes |
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what is a biopsy |
removing small amounts of living tissue for analysis |
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what is an autopsy
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what is a diagnosis
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identifying the specific disease |
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what is the definition of causative factors |
factors that lead to/caused the disease |
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what are predisposing factors |
tendencies that can promote the development of disease in someone |
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what is pathogenesis
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ex microbial infection, inflammation, malignancy and tissue breakdown bacterial pathogenesis - the mechanism by which bacteria caused an infectious disease immune system malfunction lead to cancer |
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what is an acute disease
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disease that develops quickly/sudden onset and resolves quickly short term |
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what is chronic disease
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develops gradual, persists long term |
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what is the subclinical state of a disease
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can be identified however by pathologic changes - DNA techniques or microbial culture ex- kidney disease, subclinical because the kidneys have great reserve, before the disease becomes worse, and symptoms/signs manifest |
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what is the clinical state of a disease
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illness that is apparent - its signs and symptoms have manifested
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what is latent state
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ex. infectious diseases, the incubation period, before the symptoms/signs manifest during this time can infect others |
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what is the incubation period
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time period between being infected and when the clinical signs arise can infect others during this time period |
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what is the prodromal period
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one is aware of changes in the body, headache, fatigue, nonspecific changes, loss of appetite, feeling of dread but lab tests do not show anything |
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what are manifestations of a disease?
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signs and symptoms of disease - clinical evidence redness, swelling, fever etc. |
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what is a syndrome |
a collection of signs and symptoms that often occur together, often affects more than one organ |
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what is a sign of disease?
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physical manifestations of disease that are obvious to others - rash, fever etc. |
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what is a symptom of disease |
manifestations of a disease that are subjective to the patient - feeling nauseous, tired, pain etc. |
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what is a remission
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manifestation of the disease subsides or becomes absent
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what is a precipitating factor
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conditions that trigger an ACUTE episode of a disease an angina can be precipitated by shoveling snow on a cold day versus a predisposing factor - factors that can lead to a disease - high cholesterol can lead to angina, make it more likely to develop angina |
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what is a complication
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new secondary or additional problems that arise after the original disease has occurred such as congestive heart failure after a heart attack |
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what is a therapy
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treatment measures to promote recovery from a disease or slow progression of a disease |
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what is a sequlae
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unwanted outcomes of a primary condition
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what is convalescence
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period of recover |
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what is prognosis |
chances of the most likely outcome/recovery probability |
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what is rehabilitation
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part of recovery - maximizing function of diseased tissue
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what is epidemiology
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study of identifying causative factors of disease, tracking patterns, occurrence |
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what is morbidity
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number of cases of a disease within a certain group
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what is mortality |
number of deaths as a result of a disease within a certain group |
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what is an epidemic
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when there is a higher number of cases than expected in a certain area |
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what is a pandemic
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when there is a higher number of cases than expected in multiple global areas |
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what is the occurrence of a disease
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taking into account the incidence and prevalence of a disease
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what is incidence
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the number of new cases of a disease in a certain group in a specific time period |
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what is prevalence |
the number of old and new cases of a disease in a specific time period in a certain group |
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what is a communicable disease
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a disease that can be spread person to person |
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what is an identifiable/reportable disease |
if encountered in a patient must report to the authorities |
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what is an autopsy/postmortem examination
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after death, examining body/organs, to determine cause of death |
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what is atrophy
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resulting in decrease in tissue size |
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what is hyperplasia
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when increase in number of cells resulting in tissue size increase |
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what is hypertrophy |
resulting in tissue size increase |
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what is metaplasia
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ex barretts esophagus - stratified squamous epithelium normally lines it, replaced by columnar epithelium -is defined by metaplastic glandular changes to the distal esophagus and is linked to an increased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma |
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what is dysplasia
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can be due to irritation, cancer, infection proliferation of cells of an abnormal type |
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what is anaplasia
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undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures, numerous mitotic figures |
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what is neoplasia
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mor two types of tumor - benign and malignant have unique appearance and growth pattern based on where the neoplasm arose from |
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what is apoptosis
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programmed cell death, normal occurrence in body |
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what is ischemia
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reduced supply of oxygenated blood to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction |
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what is hypoxia |
reduced oxygen in tissue |
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how can tissues/cells be damaged?
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-through physical damage - excessive heat/cold, radiation -mechanical damage - pressure, tearing -chemicals and toxins - exogenous from the environment, endogenous from inside the body -microorganisms - bacteria and viruses -abnormal metabolites - genetic disorders, errors of metabolism, altered metabolism -nutritional deficits -imbalanced fluids, electrolytes |
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what is necrosis
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how they die varies with the cause |
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what is liquefaction necrosis
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dead cells liquefy under influence of cell enzymes ex brain tissue dies, bacterial infections - cause a cavity or ulcer to develop |
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what is coagulative necrosis
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ex coagulation when eggs are cooked MI = lack of oxygen = causes cell death |
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what is fat necrosis
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may increase inflammation |
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caseous necrosis |
TB - first stage = granuloma develops, small solid mass of macrophages and lymphocytes, covered by connective tissue, during chronic inflammation - caseous necrosis can be seen inside this mass |
