Pathololgy Ii- The Central Nervous System

Front 1

Neurons function to:

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generate impulse- irritability
transmit impulse- conductivity

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Macroglia is composed of

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astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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Microglia is responsible for

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immunosurvellience, regulation, repair/phagocytosis

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Gitter cells are

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phagocytes in the CNS post-phagocytosis of neurons..They appear enlarged and swollen

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Chromatolysis is_____________ and is an early change suggestive of ______________/

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breakdowin of cytoplasmic Nissl bodies

neuronal cell injury

Front 6

What changes do we see in the CNS with ischemia?

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degenerative neurons-->
shrunken
eosinophilic cytoplasm
pyknotic nuclei
karyolysis

Front 7

Satellitosis is

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the accumulation of neuroglial cells around neurons

Front 8

Neuronophagia

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phagocytosis of neuron

Front 9

Status spongiosus is a spongioform change seen in what conditions?

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hepatic encephalopathy
canine distemper

Front 10

Canine distemper causes what CNS abnormalities?

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status spongiosus
giliosis
perivascular cuffing

Front 11

Describe Wallerian degeneration?

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sectioning of axon with karyolysis

Front 12

What type of injury is demyelination most likely associated with?

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viral/bacterial infections

Front 13

Axonal degeneration is seen

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in neuronal cell body injury

Front 14

Microencephaly is

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part of brain is smaller than normal

Front 15

prosencephalic hypoplasia is the microencephaly of which portion of the brain and is seen in cavles with _____ and piglets with _____.

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Cerebrum
calves- BVD
piglets- Classical Swine Fever

Front 16

Hydrocephalus is characterized by

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an increase in CSF volume
presents with a dome shaped heard on necropsy with varying degress of malformation of the cranium

Front 17

Clincial signs of hypdrocephalus include:

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depression, dementia, seizure, exophthalmos, ventricular strabismus

Front 18

In what viral disease do we see compensatory hydrocephalus

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BVD

Front 19

Cerebellar hypoplasia is poorly developed cerebellum and common in

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BVD calves and kittens infected in-utero by panleukopenia

Front 20

Lysosomal storage disease have these clinical signs in common:

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enlarged neurons, foamy vacuolated cytoplasm due to accumulation of lysosomal substances--> neuronal degeneration and necrosis

Front 21

Most lysosomal storage diseases are inherited. This disease is induced by eating locoweeds

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Alpha-mannosidosis

Front 22

Coup v. Countercoup

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intial impact is coup
countercoup is the hitting back of skull on rebound

Front 23

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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presence of neurofibrillary tangles

Front 24

What are the main causes of polioencephalomalacia?

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thiamine deficiency
sulfur toxicity
lead toxicity
salt poisoning
water deprivation

Front 25

Chastek paralysis is caused by a deficiency in _____ and is commonly concurrent with _____.

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thiamine
polioencephalomaliacia
seen in carnivores

Front 26

What are histological signs of hepatic encephalopathy

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myelin ballooning, spongiform change in white matter, polymicrocaviation

Front 27

what bacteria causes focal symmetrical encephalomalcia

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C. perfringens type D enterotxemia in lambs

Front 28

Horses with bilateral focal liquifactive necrosis of the brain usually die from

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starvation

Front 29

Edema disease in pigs is caused by

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enterotoxemia colibacillosis

Front 30

Bacterial infections of the CNS that cause suppurative meningitis

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streptococcus suis

Front 31

Bacterial infection of the CNS that causes thrombotic meningoencephalitis in feed lot cattle

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Histophilus somni

Front 32

Histophilus somni causes

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fibrino-suppurative hemorrhagic and necrotizing meningioencephalitis in feed lot cattle

Front 33

What viral infections can induce polioencephalomyelitis?

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Equine encephalomyelitis (EEE, WEE, VEE)

Front 34

Signs of equine herpesvirus encephalomyelitis are

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ataxia, paresis, paralysis, vasculitis

Front 35

In what age group do outbreaks of bovine herpesvirus encephalitis infection

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5-18 months of age

Front 36

BHV-5 causes what type of encephalitis in cattle 5-18 months of age?

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necrotizing meningoencephalitis

Front 37

Canine herpesviral encephalitis occurs in what age group

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<3 week old puppies

Front 38

Rabies virus produces Negri bodies in Prukinge cells. This is necessary for Rabies infections. True/False

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false

Front 39

pyogranulomatous inflammation may be seen in cats with

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FIP

Front 40

Caprine Arhritis Encephalitis sydnrome is seen in what age group and spp

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goats, 2-4 months old

Front 41

What CNS lesions are associated with Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis?

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demyelinating encephalomyelitis

Front 42

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is caussed by which parasite

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Sarcocystitis neurona

Front 43

Horses are intermediate hosts of Sarcocystitis neurona which causes Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis
T/F

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false- aberrant hosts- accidential ingestion of sporocysts in opossum feces

Front 44

Equine Protozoal encephalitis, wobbler's syndrome and vitamin E deficiency all cause neuroloigcal deficets in the brain of horses. How can these be differentiated?

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EPM causes asymmetric neurological deficits
Wobbler's and vit. E def- symmetrical

Front 45

Prion diseases are characterized by

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long incubation periods (2-8 years)

Front 46

Define prion

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abnormal protein with conformational changes that render it resistent to protease degradation. Prion proteins accumulate within neurons causing progressive and fatal neurological disease

Front 47

What are the signs associated with BSE?

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aggression, incoordination, abnormal posture, hypermetra, progressive weakness, decreased milk production, emaciation