Pathology: Test 2: 2. Neoplasia 2

Front 1

There are 3 settings in which cancer diagnosis is made

Back 1

clinical suspicion: based on presentation

Surveillance: (pap smear, etc.)

Incidental Finding: (someone gets in a car accident, gets a CT, they find cancer;

Front 2

What type of cancer would you likely find by incidental finding? Likely on test!!

Back 2

Kidney

Front 3

When making a diagnosis of cancer, what does it rely on ? what may help with initial detection?

Back 3

DIAGNOSIS DEPENDS ON PATHOLOGY!

Detection: vision, body imaging

Front 4

WHITE TEXT:

best way to make a cancer diagnosis is by?

Back 4

histology: biopsy or surgical specimen

Front 5

How do you figure out what type of tumor you have?

Back 5

based on structure

use HISTOLOGY of CYTOLOGY (molecular "signatures")

importance of tumor grade

Front 6

The extent of the tumor has to do with what?

Back 6

function or behavior of tumor

size, extent of invasion, metastisis

Importance of tumor STAGE

Front 7

how do you assess the appearance of a tumor?

Back 7

Molecular, cytology, histology
[Location is important as well]

Front 8

how do you asses the behavior of a tumor?

Back 8

Does the tumor impinge upon or invade surrounding structures?
If so, how “aggressively”?
Has the tumor spread to lymph nodes or distant tissue sites?

Front 9

Benign vs. Malignant

Back 9

Benign: mature, well differentiated
Malignant: immature, not well differentiated

Front 10

What are the 2 portions of a tumor?

Back 10

1. Neoplastic cells "tumor parenchyma"

2. Supporting cells- stroma

Front 11

please discuss the neoplastic cells ("tumor parenchyma")

Back 11

Usually, tumors consist of one cell type (though the cells may differ in appearance due to tumor heterogeneity)

Front 12

What is a tumor with >1 cell type called?

Back 12

teratoma is example

pleomorphic adenoma

Front 13

what is a teratomas

Back 13

germ cell tumor (usually found in female)

> 1 cell type in tumor

can see all sorts of tissue types because it is from the germ cells (endo, ecto, meso, etc. so can see hair, teeth, brain, its F'in nasty!)

Front 14

Is the stroma in a tumor neoplastic?

Back 14

Not neoplastic, though may be altered/abnormal due to interaction with tumor

Front 15

What is histogenesis?

Back 15

Type of tissue the neoplasm resembles (aka breast cancer will look similar to normal breast tissue)

Front 16

poorly differentiated tumor

Back 16

worse, malignant

grade 3

Front 17

well differentiated tummor

Back 17

better, benign

Front 18

What is a grade 1 tumor?

Back 18

well differentiated

low grade

Front 19

what is a grade 2 tumor?

Back 19

moderately differentiated

Low grade

Front 20

what is a grade 3 tumor?

Back 20

poorly differentiated

high grade

Front 21

grade 4 tumor?

Back 21

undifferentiated
(anaplastic)

Front 22

what are the 2 methods that play a role in grading a tumor?

Back 22

Histologic: tissue architecture
Cytologic: size, shape/contour

Front 23

what is an aberrant tumor?

Back 23

E.g., squamous cell carcinoma in the endometrium, which normally is glandular (not squamous)

Front 24

what is an undifferentiated tumor?

Back 24

(histology/cytology: anaplastic)
They do not resemble any particular type of tissue (i.e., not clearly glandular, squamous, or even epithelial)

Front 25

Malignant

Back 25

bad; aggressive
Invasive & potentially metastatic

Front 26

Benign

Back 26

good, or at least not as bad; innocent
Not invasive; no metastatic potential

Front 27

what reflects tumor behavior (2 things)

Back 27

cytology and histology

Front 28

what is in situ? ON TEST

Back 28

tumor still in normal place

neoplasm that has not yet breached or broken through basement membrane

Front 29

when discussing epithelial tumors, what do the endings __oma vs ___carcinoma mean?

Back 29

__oma: benign

__carcinoma: malignant

Front 30

please give the common ending for both benign and malignant MESENCHYMAL cells

Back 30

Benign: ____oma
Malignant: _______sarcoma

Front 31

please give the common ending for both benign and malignant EPITHELIAL cells

Back 31

Benign: ____oma
Malignant: _______carcinoma

Front 32

Rhabdomyoma is what?

Back 32

benign tumor of skeletal muscle

Front 33

Rhabdomyosarcoma?

Back 33

malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

Front 34

What is a benign tumor of smooth muscle called? malignant?

Back 34

benign: leiomyoma
malignant: leiomyosarcoma

Front 35

Do benign tumors become malignant?

Back 35

they can, but not always, depends where

Front 36

do in situ lesions become malignant?

Back 36

you bet your sweet candy ass they do

ONLY IF THEY INVADE THOUGH!!

Front 37

What is a pre-invasive epithelial neoplasm?

Back 37

In situ carcinoma

Front 38

where are 3 common places to see in situ carcinomas?

Back 38

breast
squamous (skin, larynx, cervix)
urothelial (lining of urethra, urinary bladder, uterers, renal pelvis)

Front 39

What are the 3 intraepithelial neoplasias?

Back 39

Prostate (PIN)
Pancreas (PanIN)
Cervix (CIN)

Front 40

What are the 2 forms of breast tumor?

Back 40

lobular and ductal

Front 41

Which is more serious, lobular or ductal breast cancer?

Back 41

lobular: invades more aggressively, probably going to have complete breast removal

Front 42

How do undifferentiated anaplastic carcinoma appear?

Back 42

very strange, they do not look normal at all

Front 43

What are S-100 and cytokeratin?

Back 43

used as Cell markers to detect cancer

Front 44

S-100 is used for what?

Back 44

a commonly used marker for cells of melanocytic origin

Front 45

What is cytokeratin?

Back 45

a cell marker seen in cancer of epithelial cell