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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study if animal reproduction |
Theriogenology |
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Anatomical structures involved in the reproductive process of female mammals: |
Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal gland, ovaries, oviduct, uterus, and vagina |
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Ejection of an egg from a follicle in the ovary |
Ovulation |
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Hormones released by the adenohypophysis: |
FSH and LH |
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Clot filled structure after ovulation |
Corpus hemorrhagicum |
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Specialized endocrine structure; produces progesterone |
Corpus luteum |
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No embryo: Prostaglandin F2alpha is released from the ___ and the ___ in the ovary is regressed. |
Endometrium and the CL |
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Jobs of progesterone |
*females are born with a finite number of oocytes *if an ovum is not fully mature when it is ovulated it will mature in the ampulla middle portion of the oviduct *Fertilization occurs in the oviduct near the junction of the ampulla and the isthmus *CL is maintained for a predetermined time following ovulation in most species, regardless of whether or not fertilization occurs * Early conception factor: a chemical signal released by the embryo, may be released as early as 12 to 18 hours after conception, signals to maintain CL |
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Multiple sire of two or more offspring during a single gestation |
Superfecundation |
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When a pregnant dam ovulates and conceives again while pregnant, can occur in any animal but most frequently occurs in multipara animals |
Superfectation |
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Describing the period if time when the female is in "heat" or is sexually receptive |
Estrus |
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Relates to what kind of cycle |
Estrous |
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In animals is defined as the time when the first ovum is released, it does not signify the first sign of heat |
Puberty |
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Pregnancies occur only in primates |
Ectopic |
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The gonadotropin releasing hormone comes from the... |
Hypothalamus |
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In males the anterior pituitary is the... |
Luteinizing hormone |
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Testosterone is essential for the production of... |
Sperm cells |
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___ release is triggered in the male by ___ from the hypothalamus |
FSH GnRH |
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FSH acts on ___ cells to increase division of primordial sperm cells and to release more sperm cells |
Sertoli |
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Hormone inhibit feeds back on the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary to decrease production of ____ and ___ |
GnRH and FSH |
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Causes production of the gamates |
FSH (Oocytes in females and sperm in males) |
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Causes production of the dominant hormone |
LH (progesterone in females, testosterone in the male) |
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Term used after sperm cells are mixed with accessory sex gland fluid, this occurs during ejaculation |
Semen |
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Once sperm cells enter the female reproductive tract they undergo a physical and biochemical change that allow them to fertilize the egg |
Capacitation |
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For production of a mature sperm cell it takes ___ days |
62... 60 days after the initial breeding soundness evaluation |
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Proestus lasts about ___ days |
9 days (3-17) |
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The presence of serosanguinous (bloody) discharge from the vulva (estrous) |
Proestus |
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Estrogen from the developing follicles continues to increase |
Proestus |
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Edema of the vulvar lips and swelling until the vulva is firm and enlarged |
Proestus |
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Endometrium becomes highly vascularized and engorged with blood |
Proestus |
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Leaking from proestus from the vessels that line the endometrium |
Diapedesis |
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What estrous will the male be attracted to the female at this time but the female will not stand for the male |
Proestus |
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Vaginal cytology aids in determining the reproductive status of the bitch |
Proestus |
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Vagibal cornification increases about 10% per day during ... |
Proestus |
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Estrogen levels peak near the end of ... |
Proestus |
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Estus lasts up to ___ days |
9 (3-18) |
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Tail is raised and held to one side. And will stand for the male in estrus |
Bitch flags |
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Vulva appears smaller than during proestrus |
Estrus |
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Vulvar discharge generally becomes serious or slightly brownish which estrous |
Estrus |
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100% more cornification during most of the estrus |
Cytology |
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At the beginning of ___ LH peaks |
Estrus |
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In estrus progesterone starts to ___ before the ___ peak |
Rise LH |
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__ days after the LH peak ovulation occurs |
2 |
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__-__ day maturation of the occyte in what estrous cycle? |
2-3 days Estrus |
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Some bitches in physiological heat will never show signs of standing hear in what estrous stage? |
Estrus |
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Most ova are released from follicles within ___ hours of the peak of LH |
96 hours |
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Younger bitches tend to ovulate within ___ hours of the increase in LH |
24 hours |
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Bitches may remain in estrus for ___-__ days after ovulation |
7-8 days |
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Ova in the bitch are not fertilized at the time of ovulation and requires ___ hours to become fully mature in the oviduct |
48 hours |
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Diestrus lasts approximately ___ days |
58 days |
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Which estrous is characterized by high progesterone levels |
Diestrus |
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Diestrus ends when a prego bitch welps or when a non pregnant bitches progesterone concentration drops below |
1 ng/ml |
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Paturition occurs approximately __ hours after the CL is no longer functional |
24 hours |
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___ does not appear to be important as a natural controller of CL regression in the bitch |
PF2 alpha |
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___ I'd frequently used to lyse ( cause regression of CL) |
Prostaglandin F2alpha |
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Uterine involution after whelping or in the nonpregnant bitch is not complete until approximately ____ days after ovulation in diestrus |
120 days |
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Period of least reproductive activity in estrous |
Anestrus |
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Uterus is regenerating from the previous estrus and diestrus or pregnancy |
Anestrus |
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No ovarian activity occurs until the toward the end of ___ |
Anestrus |
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Anestrus lasts approximately ___ days |
120 days (range from 60-200+ days) |
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Cells that have rounded cytoplasm and a large slipped nucleus |
Noncornified |
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Cells have a more angular- shaped cytoplasm and the nucleus is either pyknotix or not apparent |
Cornified |
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The end of estrus is the first day of ___ |
Diestrus |
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Beginning of diestrus: Typified by an abrupt decline in the percentage of ___ cells |
Cornified cells |
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A natural service |
Breeding |
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Types of AI |
Vagibal, surgical or transcervical |
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Breeding AI with liquid nitrogen |
Frozen semen at 196 degrees Celsius |
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Shortest lifespan of all semen once thawed; ideally fertilization should occur within ___ his after thaw |
12 hours |
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Fresh seemed regain capable of fertilization in the reproductive tract for up to ___ days with ___ days redirected from all but subfertile males |
5 days with 3 days expected |
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Natural breeding can be performed at the ___ to the ___ day after the ___ spike or after the serum progesterone reaches a serum concentration of ___ ng/ml |
2th to the 4th LH spike 2.0 ng/ml |
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Disadvantages of performing LH assays is that samples require: |
Daily obtainment |
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Progesterone measures ___ ng/ml at the time of ovulation and usually above ___ ng/ml at the ____ period |
5ng/ml 10 ng/ml Fertile period |
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Gestation is approximately ___ days from fertilization |
60 days |
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Gestations examination by palpation. Is possible in most bitches at __ to __ days of gestation |
21 to 30 days |
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Not for use in determining number of fetus but helpful in Determining vibrancy of fetuses, can be performed from 17 to 18 days until term |
Ultrasound |
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Can be used from 43 days until term and provide the most informatio closer to term (2-4 days prior to expected due date) |
Radiographs |
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Which test based on relaxing that can be used from 21 days to term to determine pregn, may be more accurate if used 23 days post fertilization |
Assay test |
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Paturition stage that represents the commencement if uterine contractions without abdominal component, average 6 to 12 hours; can be as long as 36 hours. What stage is this? |
Stage one of whelping |
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What paturition stage: when bitch pushes the puppies out, last approximately 20-60 minutes per puppy; no longer than 2 hours should elapse between deliveries |
Stage 2 |
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Paturition stage? That last a total of 3 to 6 hours but may be as long as 24 hours |
Stage 2 |
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What color discharge should come out during paturition and come from the site of the placenta attachment to the uterus |
Blackish-green color |
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Canine placenta is called? |
Zonary |
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The placenta is positioned around the fetus like a ring on a finger and served as a narrow band of attachment of the chorioallantois to the endometrium |
Canine placenta: zonary |
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Difficult birth |
Dystocia |
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In dystocia is it strong it weak continual contractions for 30 minutes without progress |
Strong continual contractions |
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Contractions for 2 hours without progress |
Weak and infrequent contractions |
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What species is dystocia a prolonged interval between ____ |
Puppies |
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The only reliable method for accurately determining the number if pups in utero, their relative size and their position |
Radiograph |
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Recognizing dystocia____ can be used to added fetal viability |
Ultrasound |
