Pathology Terms

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Pyknosis

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Small Nucleus in a dead cell

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Karyorrhexis

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Nuclear Fragmentation in a dead cell

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Karyolysis

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Complete loss of nucleus in a dead cell

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Necrosis

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Uncoordinated death of a cell (causes inflammation)

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Apoptosis

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Planned cell death through signalling cascades (does not cause inflammation)

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Ischemia

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Local decrease in blood supply to a tissue

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Post-Mortem Autolysis

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Cell death that occurs naturally after the organism has died.

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Coagulative Necrosis

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Initial stages of necrosis while cells are still recognizable (maintain cell margins).

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Dystrophic Calcification

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Calcification that occurs as a result of mineral deposits in damaged tissues.

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Caseous Necrosis

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Necrosis that is semi-solid, but cell margins are absent. Often curdled or granular appearance ("onion skin"). Sometimes walled-off from surrounding tissue.

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Liquefactive Necrosis

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Composed of lysed cells/tissue that is converted to fluid. This is typically the final stage of necrosis, and most commonly seen in the brain and spinal cord.

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Gangrenous Necrosis

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Wet Gangrene is the result of necrotic tissue becoming infected by bacteria. Tends to develop at distal extremities. Tissue is red/black and wet.

Dry Gangrene is the result of decreased vascular perfusion or blood supply to a tissue. It can be caused by thrombosis or frostbite, and the tissue is dry and leathery.

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Fat Necrosis

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Nutritional (yellow-fat-disease) results from high consumption of unsaturated fatty acids & low vitamin E. Firm, nodular, yellow/brown tissue

Enzymatic results from trauma to pancreas or surrounding tissue, resulting in lipase release and tissue damage. Firm, nodular tissue with chalky deposits

Traumatic results from blunt trauma or chronic pressure

Idiopathic is present in the abdominal fat of cattle

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Ulcer

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Cell loss on an epithelial surface that includes the loss of the basement membrane.

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Erosion

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Cell loss on an epithelial surface with a maintained basement membrane (more shallow than an ulcer).

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Hypertrophy

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Cells that are increased in size due to an increased workload and number of organelles present.

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Hyperplasia

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An increased number of cell layers on a surface.

Nodular hyperplasia is solid.

Cystic hyperplasia is fluid-filled.

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Metaplasia

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A change in cell type (same germ line, different type of cell). An example would be chronic irritation of columnar epithelium resulting in squamous cell metaplasia.

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Dysplasia

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Abnormality in the formation of a tissue. An example would be a build up of poorly differentiated cells.

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Atrophy

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Decrease in mass of tissue/organ due to decreased size/number of cells

Simple atrophy.

Pressure atrophy is caused by increased pressure on a tissue, causing the tissue to atrophy.

Involution is a reduction in cell number without degeneration (involves apoptosis)

Serous atrophy of fat is the result of chronic nutrient deprivation. Fat stores are used up and replaced with a gelatinous substance.

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Lipidosis

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An accumulation of lipids in cells. This is particularly common in the liver.

The liver is swollen and yellowed with a greasy texture. It is soft and friable.

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Metastatic Calcification

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Increased dietary calcium or vitamin K causes mineral deposits to be made in abnormal tissues.

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Biliverdin

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Green pigment produced from heme breakdown in macrophage

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Bilirubin

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Yellow pigment produced from biliverdin breakdown.

It is processed by the liver, but bilirubin excess (too much for liver to handle) causes icterus or jaundice.

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Hemosiderin

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Brown pigment produced from the iron component of RBC breakdown. Takes a long time to break down.

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Liposfuscin

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Yellowish brown pigment known as the "wear and tear" pigment. Occurs naturally in older cells.

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Melanin

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Dark pigment produced by melanocytes. Can be present in meninges, aorta, pleura, uterus, and etc of black coated animals.

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Hematin

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Possible artifact from tissue fixation. Appears as black specs.

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Edema

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Accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space

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Transudate

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Watery substance with low protein and low cellularity

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Ascites

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Build-up of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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Dehydration

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Inadequate amount of body water

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Hyperemia

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Increased amount of blood in tissues

Active hyperemia is increased arterial blood in capillary beds

Passive hyperemia is increased venous blood in capillary beds

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Hemostasis

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The arrest of hemorrhage through clotting.

Primary hemostasis is the first stage, including platelet aggregation (plug).

Secondary hemostasis is the second stage, including stabilization of the platelet plug through thrombin and fibrin activation.

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Hemorrhage

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The escape of blood from the vascular system.

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Thrombosis

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Excessive or inappropriate intravascular blood coagulation

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Petechiae

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Surface hemorrhage that is the size of pinpoints.

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Ecchymosis

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Surface hemorrhage, larger than petechiae (2-3 cm)

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Purpura

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Widespread surface hemorrhage that can effect multiple organs.

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Coagulopathy

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Failure to coagulate

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Diapedesis

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Passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries.

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Thrombocytopenia

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Platelet deficiency

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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

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A disease characterized by thrombocytopenia, high amounts of fibrin degradation products, and high clotting time.

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Embolism

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Free mass or air in circulation

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Thromboemboli

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A thrombus that has broken off and traveled elsewhere in the blood stream.

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Arteritis

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Inflammation of an artery

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Cystitis

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Inflammation of the bladder

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Encephalitis

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Inflammation of the brain

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Typhlitis

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Inflammation of the cecum

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Cellulitis

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Inflammation of connective tissue

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Ophthalmitis

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Inflammation of the eye

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Steatitis

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Inflammation of fat

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Enteritis

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Inflammation of the intestine

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Nephritis

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Inflammation of the kidney

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Desmitis

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Inflammation of a ligament

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Hepatitis

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Inflammation of the liver

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Pneumonia

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Inflammation of the lung

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Bronchopneumonia

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Inflammation of the lung and airways

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Lymphadenitis

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Inflammation of lymph nodes

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Myositis

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Inflammation of muscle

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Myocarditis

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Inflammation of cardiac muscle

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Neuritis

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Inflammation of the nerve

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Pancreatitis

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Inflammation of the pancreas

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Pericarditis

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Inflammation of the pericardium

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Peritonitis

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Inflammation of the peritoneum

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Pleuritis

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Inflammation of pleura

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Sinusitis

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Inflammation of the sinus

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Dermatitis

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Inflammation of the skin

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Splenitis

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Inflammation of the spleen

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Gastritis

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Inflammation of the stomach

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Tracheitis

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Inflammation of the trachea

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Metritis

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Inflammation of the uterus

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Phlebitis

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Inflammation of the vein

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Nephritis

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Inflammation of the kidney

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Perivasculitis

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Inflammation in the adventitia of a blood vessel

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Panniculitis

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Inflammation of subcutaneous fat

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Cardinal signs of inflammation

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Redness

Pain

Heat

Loss of Function

Swelling

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Serous Exudate

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Acute.

Clear fluid and not very cellular. Can be cloudy if there is protein involved.

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Fibrinous Exudate

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Usually acute.

Strands of fibrin present. Friable.

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Serofibrinous Exudate

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Serous and fibrinous exudate

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Fibrinonecrotic

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Fibrinous deposits among necrotic tissue.

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Mucoid/Catarrhal Exudate

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Only presents on mucous membranes. Often mild and seen in the presence of parasites.

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Purulent/Suppurative Exudate

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Pus-filled or filled with neutrophils

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Inspissated Exudate

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Dried out suppurative exudate

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Hemorrhagic Exudate

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Blood is the major component, but it is usually mixed with other exudate.

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Necrotizing Exudate

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Implies cell loss AND inflammation. It is often mixed with other exudates.

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Lymphocytic/Plasmacytic Exudate

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Diagnosis can only be made microscopically. Exudate is made up of immune cells that aren't neutrophils.

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Granulomatous Exudate

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Composed of macrophages

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Pyogranulomatous Exudate

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Composed of macrophages and neutrophils

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Fibrosing Exudate

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Fibrous attachments are formed.

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Proliferative Inflammation

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Chronic with presence of chronic exudate.