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509 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cells replace goblet cells to perform detox?
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Clara cells
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What are the routes of entry for disease?
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Aerogenous: infectious/non-infectious
hematogenous: infectious/toxins direct extension: infection through trauma |
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What is the mucociliary effect?
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Clearance of particles >10um from respiratory tract
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What are the three bacteria resistant to macrophages?
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mycobacterium, rhodococcus, listeria
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What is considered sterile in the respiratory tract?
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trachea, bronchi, lungs
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What is considered non-sterile in the respiratory tract?
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nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
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What species have pulmonary intravascular macrophages?
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ruminants, pigs, cat, horse
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What species have hepatic and splenic macrophages?
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dog, rodent, human
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In relation to respiratory defense mechanism, what are deposition, clearance, and retention?
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deposition: particle is trapped in mucosal surface of resp tract, clearance: deposited material is destroyed, neutralized or removed through sneezing, coughing, mucociliary effect, or phagocytosis, retention: difference btwn what is deposited and what is cleared
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What is the pathogen in Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis?
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Bovine Herpes Virus
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What is another name for Infectious Bovine Rhintracheitis?
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Red Nose
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What four clinical signs will you see in young cattle in IBR?
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respiratory distress, diarrhea, incoordination due to non-suppurative encephalitis and death
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What clinical signs will you see in adult feedlot cattle in IBR?
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pyrexia, anorexia, nasal discharge, lacrimation & conjunctivitis w/ corneal opacity, inflamed nares, dyspnea
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What gross lesions will you see in IBR?
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Ulcers and firbronecrotic membranes: pharynx, larynx, trachea; hemorrhages of mucus membranes: nasal cavity and paranasal zinuses; exudate +/- blood tinged; swollen pharyngeal lymphnodes
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What microscopic lesion will you see in IBR?
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Intranuclear inclusion bodies
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What secondary bacterial infection does IBR predispose to?
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M. hemolytica which can be fatal
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What three types of pathogens can cause nasal granuloma?
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mycotic, blood flukes, allergic rxns
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What mycotic pathogens can cause nasal granulomas in dogs?
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R. seeberi, aspergillus and penicillium
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What species does R. seeberi cause nasal granulomas in?
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cattle, dog, horse, cat
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What blood fluke causes nasal granulomas in cattle?
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schistosoma nasalis
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What mycotic pathogen causes nasal granulomas in cats?
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C. neoformans
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What gross lesions will you see in nasal granulomas?
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polypoid nodules that are soft, pink and bleed easily
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What can cause myasis?
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larvae of flies, especially Oestrus Ovis
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What does myasis cause?
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catarrhal to suppurative rhinitis
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What species does myasis occur in?
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sheep and goats
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What is a carcinoma of the nasal passage that occurs in sheep and goats?
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endemic ethemoidal carcinoma
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What does an endemic ethemoidal carcinoma arise from?
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ethemoidal conchae
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What causes Equine viral rhinopneumonitis?
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Equine herpes virus 4 (sometimes 1)
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What lesions will you see in EVR?
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ulceration and necrosis of respiratory epithelium w/ intranuclear inclusions in epithelial cells
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If bacterial contamination happens in EVR, what type of pneumonia develops?
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bronchopneumonia
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What are the two differential diagnosis for EVR?
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equine influenza and equine viral arteritis
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What causes equine influenza?
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Type A orthomyxovirus
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What are the clinical signs of equine influenza?
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Fever for <3 days, dry cough, serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, weakness
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Where will you not see gross lesions of equine influenza?
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nasal passages
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What type of pneumonia will you see with equine influenza?
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interstitial pneumonia w/ pulmonary edema
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What causes equine viral arteritis?
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Arterivirus
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What are the clinical signs of equine viral arteritis?
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fever, diarrhea, ABORTION (50-80%), edema in limbs and ventral abdomen, respiratory distress
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Grossly, what is the progression of equine viral arteritis cause?
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fibrinoid degeneration of muscular arteries causing hemorrhages in various tissues
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What causes strangles?
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Streptococcus equi subspecies equi
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What clinical signs will be observed in strangles?
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fever, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, lymphadenopathy and painful swallowing
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What inflammation will you observe in strangles?
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suppurative rhinitis and lymphadenitis (mandibular and parapharyngeal)
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What is the sequelae of strangles?
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stread of infection to paranasal sinuses and guttural pouch, internal organs.
PARALYSIS: laryngeal hemiplagia, facial paralysis, Horner's. Type III hypersensitivity: purpura hemorrhagica |
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What type III hypersensitivity can be a sequelae to strangles?
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purpura hemorrhagica
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What three types of paralysis can occur as a sequelae to strangles?
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laryngeal hemiplagia, facial paralysis, Horner's
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What causes Glanders?
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Burholderia mallie
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What species is affected by Glanders?
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Equine
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Is Glanders exotic, reportable, or zoonotic?
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Exotic to US and Zoonotic
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What lesions are present in glanders and where are they located?
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suppurative nodules: nasal cavity, lungs and skin
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What causes meliodiosis?
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B. pseudomallie
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What is another name for meliodiosis?
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Pseudoglanders
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What is the cause of nasal polyps?
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unknown
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What species are affected by nasal polyps?
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Equine and feline
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Grossly, how do nasal polyps appear?
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unilateral and single growth on nasal or septum mucosa
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Why do nasal polyps appear?
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usually from chronic inflammatory lesions
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What is the cure for nasal polyps?
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surgery
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What three bacteria cause transitory rhinitis?
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B. bronchiseptica, E. Coli, P. multocida
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What species does transitory rhinitis occur in?
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Dogs
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What viruses (6) cause transitory rhinitis?
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canine distemper, canine adenovirus 1 and 2, reovirus, canine herpes virus, parainfluenza virus
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What is linguatula serrata?
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a parasite "tongue worm" that occurs in dogs
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What species are affected by L. serrata?
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Dogs; humans and herbivores can be aberrant hosts
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What type of inflammation does L. serrata cause?
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catarrhal inflammation from adult stage in nasal passage
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What type of hypersensitivity is allergic rhinitis in dogs?
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type I hypersensitivity to pollen or allergens
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What causes feline virus rhinotracheitis (FVR)?
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feline herpes virus-1
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When and where are intranuclear inclusions present in FVR?
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in early phase of disease in epithelium of upper respiratory tract
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What is inflamed in FVR?
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rhinitis, conjunctivitis (w. oculonasal discharge)
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What are the gross lesions of FVR?
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ulcerative keratitis, hepatic necrosis and ABORTION and STILLBORNS
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What causes limping kitten syndrome?
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feline calicivirus from vaccination or infection
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What is limping kitten syndrome?
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acute self-limiting arthritis
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How is FVR and FCV differentiated?
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FVR is upper respiratory tract and FCV is ulcers on tongue and hard palate
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What two diseases account for 80% of respiratory diseases in cats?
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FCV and FVR
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What causes feline chlamydiosis?
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chlamydophilla psittaci
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What type of pneumonia does feline chlamydiosis cause?
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mild interstitial pneumonia
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What are the five causes of the feline respiratory disease complex?
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FCV, FVR, chlamydia, mycoplasma and FIP
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How is FIP differentiated in the feline respiratory disease complex?
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causes URT infection but produces a more generalized disease
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What species is affected by inclusion body rhinitis?
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pigs
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What causes inclusion body rhinitis?
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porcine cytomegalovirus (herpes)
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What age of pigs are affected by inclusion body rhinitis?
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up to 10 weeks of age
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What is the mortality and morbidity of inclusion body rhinitis?
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high morbidity, low mortality
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What are the clinical signs of inclusion body rhinitis?
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sneezing, conjunctivitis and lacrimation (can be mucopurulent w. bacterial contamination)
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What type of lesions are present with inclusion body rhinitis?
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necrotizing and suppurative
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How is inclusion body rhinitis diagnosed?
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basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in nasal gland epithelium
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What causes atrophic rhinitis in pigs?
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not clear but a combo of B. bronchiseptica and P. multocida
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What physical deformity does atrophic rhinitis cause?
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retarded growth of snout, atrophy of conchae with missing conchae in severe cases
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Why does atrophic rhinitis present with crusting of the skin below the medial canthuis of the eye?
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the retarded growth of snout and atrophy leads to obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct
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Is atrophic rhinitis a slow or fast progressing disease?
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slow progressing over months
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What are the eventual outcomes of atrophic rhinitis?
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dyspnea and death
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What are the initial clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis?
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sneezing and nasal discharge
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How is atrophic rhinitis diagnosed?
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CS and transverse section of snout
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Neoplasia of the respiratory tract is most commonly seen in what species?
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Dogs, less common in horse and cat
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What species does squamous cell carcimona predominate?
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cat and horse
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What is the main differential for respiratory neoplasia (esp SCC)?
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nasal granuloma
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What are the clinical signs of a upper respiratory tract infection?
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sneezing, unilateral or bilateral nasal dicharge
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What causes of URTI have bloody exudate?
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tumors, FB, parasites and fungal
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What are the two types of bronchietasis?
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saccular and cylindrical
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What species does saccular bronchietasis occur?
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cattle and sheep
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What are the causes of saccular bronchietasis?
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focal nectorizing bronchiolitis due to FB, tumor or granuloma
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Where is cylindrical bronchietasis found?
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entire length of bronchus
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What is the cause of cylindrical bronchietasis?
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sequelae to chronic bronchopneumonia usually due to parasitic bronchitis
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What species are generally affected by cylindrical bronchietasis?
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sheep, pig, goats
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What lesion occurs in bronchietasis?
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permenant abnormal dilation of bonchus
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What causes necrotic laryngitis in calves?
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fusobacterium necrophorum
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What is another name for calf diphtheria and what causes it?
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necrotic laryngitis: fusobacterium necrophorum
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What are the presenting signs of calf diphtheria?
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fever, anorexia, moist painful cough, dyspnea
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What are the gross lesions of calf diphtheria?
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dry, yellow-gray necrotic areas on larynx +/- ulcers
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What is the sequelae of calf dyphtheria?
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death by toxemia or bronchopneumonia
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What is another name for laryngeal paralysis in horses?
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roaring
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What causes roaring in horses?
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paralysis of left recurrent laryngeal nerve causing atrophy of cricoarytenoid muscle
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What causes paralysis of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in horses?
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compression or inflammation
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What gross lesions does equine pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia cause?
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white foci on dorsolateral pharynx and left palate
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What species are affected by equine pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplsia and at what age does it usually occur?
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equine race horses, 2-3 years old
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What is the cause of equine pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia?
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unknown
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What is the cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
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inhalation of fungal spores and dust
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What occurs in severe cases of COPD?
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complete obstruction of bronchioles and alveoli because of accumulated mucus leading to alveolar emphysema
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What species is affected by COPD?
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Equine
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What are the causes of canine infectious tracheobronchitis?
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VERY COMPLEX: influenza viruses, adenoviruses and B. bonchiseptica
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What are the presenting signs of canine infectious tracheobronchitis?
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onset of coughing but animal appears normal between coughing bouts
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What type of hypersensitivity is feline asthma?
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type I hypersensitivity: dust, cigarette smoke, plant and household mateiral and parasitic proteins
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What is another name for feline asthma?
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feline allergic bronchitis
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What occurs in severe cases of feline asthma?
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obstruction of small bronchioles
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What is an effective treatment for feline asthma?
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steroid therapy
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What species does atelectasis affect?
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horses and pigs
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What are the two type of atelectasis?
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congenital and acquired
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What causes congenital atelectasis?
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obstruction of airway due to muconeum, aspirate, amniotic fluid or hyaline membrane disease
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What causes compressive acquired atelectasis?
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pneumothorax, hydrothorax, bloat, neoplasia
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What causes obstructive acquired atelectasis?
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exudates, FB, parasites, neoplasis
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What type of acquired atelectasis is more common?
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obstructive
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What do the alveoli look like in atelectasis?
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empty: do not contain air
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Grossly, what does the lung look like in atelectasis?
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dark red, flabby, depressed below surface of surrounding lung
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What does a section of lung look like in atelectasis?
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homogenous dark red
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What are the two types of emphysema?
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alveolar and interstitial
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What causes alveolar emphysema?
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pressure of inhaled air or incompletely closed bronchioles
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What causes interstitial emphysema?
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death followed by violent efforts in anoxia, quick loss of blood in trauma, slaughter of fully conscious animal, death after protracted illness
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What is emphysema?
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air in the tissues: usually subQ
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In alveolar and interstitial emphysema, where is the excess air located?
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alveolar: alveoli; interstitial: connective tissue of lungs (interalveolar septa, below pleura and around bronchi and blood vessels)
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What are the gross lesions of alveolar emphysema?
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raised, pale or white, dry areas that are easily compressed with a finger; usually alternates with areas of atelectasis (red)
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What are the gross lesions of interstitial emphysema?
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septa: thick, shiny and filled with bubbles
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What species does emphysema most commonly occur?
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Cattle
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In pulmonary edema, what are the factors increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure? (2)
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increasing left atrial pressure in left side or bilateral cardiac failure and excess fluid transfusion
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In pulmonary edema, what are the factors increasing permeability of the air-blood barrier? (4)
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inhalation of corrosive gases, infectious agents, systemic toxins, or anaphylaxis
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What species does anaphylaxis usually occur in causing increased permeability in the air-blood barrier leading to pulmonary edema?
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horse and cow
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How does the lung appear in pulmonary edema?
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heavy, wet and does not collapse when thorax is opened
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How does the intralobular septa appear in pulmonary edema?
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edematous and distended
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What type of fluid is in the trachea and bronchi in pulmonary edema?
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foam mixed fluid
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What does the cut surface of the lungs look like in pulmonary edema?
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clear, colorless to slightly yellow fluid
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Necessity
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Necessity requires 1) interference with real or personal property of another, 2) that is reasonably and apparently necessary to avoid a threatened injury from a natural or other force, 3) the threatened injury is substantially more serious that the invasion taken to avert it. D is liable for damages under private necessity, but not for public necessity.
- Person may interfere w/real or personal property of another when 1) r/ably and apparently necessary to avoid threatened injury and 2) threatened injury is substantiall more serious than invasion |
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What is ARDS?
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome
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What causes ARDS?
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diffuse alveolar damage due to: systemic disease, direct injury, lesions to other systems
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What is the clinical sign of ARDS?
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sudden onset of severe dyspnea
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What are the gross lesions of ARDS? (~5)
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diffuse damage to alveolar epithelium, congestion and edema, hyaline membrane formation, alveolar hyperplasia, interstitial emphysema
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What is the pathogenesis of ARDS?
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macrophages release a large amount of cytokines which prime neutrophils in lung capillaries to release enzymes and free radicals which damage epithelium and endothelium. This increases the permeability causing edema and an accumulation of inflammatory cells, hyaline formation and fibrosis
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What is pulmonary hypertension?
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increase in pulmonary vascular resistance
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What causes (3) an increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to pulmonary hypertension?
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Vasoconstriction, vascular obstruction, vascular volume overload
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What four diseases/defects is pulmonary hypertension usually secondary to?
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cardiac disease, septic defects, left to right shunts, lung disease
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What does sustained pulmonary hypertension usually cause?
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increased pressure load to right ventricle
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What gross lesions does pulmonary hypertension cause?
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right ventricular hypertrophy (compensatory) and right heart failure
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What are the three ways to classify pneumonia?
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etiological, morphological, site and pattern of lesions
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What are the risk factors that cause bronchopneumonia?
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exposure, crowding, dehydration, other infections and chronic disease and STRESS
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What are the two causes of bronchopneumonia?
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pathogens (bacteria and mycoplasma) and aspiration of feed and gastric contents
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What part of the lung does bronchopneumonia usually grossly affect?
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anterio-ventral
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What part of the lung is usually affected by suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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cranio-ventral
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What type of pattern is grossly seen in suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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lobular
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What color is grossly seen in suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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mosaic pattern of red and gray
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What cell is usually associated with suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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neutrophil
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What type of exudate is present in fibrinous bronchopneunomia?
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more fibrinous than neutrophilic
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Is the inflammatory response greater in suppurative or fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
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fibrinous bronchopneumonia
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How does the lung grossly appear in fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
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involves part of complete lobe.
Severe congestion, hemorrhages. Marbled appearance. Foci of coagulative necrosis encapsulated by connective tissue |
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What is the most commonly encountered pulmonary abnormality?
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pulmonary edema
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What is the usual sequelae of pulmonary edema?
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Fatal
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What is the most common lesion of animals dying of sepsis, toxemia and pancreatitis?
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pulmonary edema
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What are the complications (4) of suppurative bronchopneumonia?
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1. death by toxemia and hypoxia
2. metastatic abscesses with other organs 3. chronic bronchopneumonia 4. plugging of bronchi leading to atelectasis |
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Is fibrinous bronchopneumonia usually resolved?
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No, it is rarely resolved
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What are the complications (3) associated with fibrinous bronchopneumonia?
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1. death due to pleuritis and pericarditis
2. fibrinous adhesions of pleura and pericardium 3. necrosis with pulmonary sequestra |
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What are the two types of causes of interstitial pneumonia?
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aerogenous injury to alveolar epithelium and hemoatogenous injury to alveolar capillaries
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What are the four types of aerogenous injuries that can lead to interstitial pneumonia?
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gases, fumes, dust and pneumotrophic viruses
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What are two pneumotrophic viruses that can lead to interstitial pneumonia?
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distemper and porcine influenza
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What are the five ways a hematogenous injury to alveolar capillaries can occur leading to interstitial pneumonia?
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intermittent bacteria and parasites, infection with endotheliotrophic viruses, ingestion of toxins, allergic conditions and endotozins
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What three bacteria cause hematogenous injury leading to interstitial pneumonia?
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lepto, e.coli, and salmonella
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What parasites cause hematogenous injury leading to interstitial pneumonia?
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lung worms, toxoplasma, and migrating worms
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What is a endotheliotrophic virus that causes interstitial pneumonia?
|
swine fever
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Ingestion of what toxins in cattle can lead to interstitial pneumonia?
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moldy sweet potatoes and plants
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Ingestion of what toxin in dogs can lead to interstitial pneumonia?
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kerosene
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What type of allergic hypersensitivity can lead to interstitial pneumonia?
|
Type III
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How does the lung grossly appear in interstitial pneumonia?
|
failure of lungs to collapse on opening of thoracic cavity, rib impression on lungs, meaty appearance, elastic or rubbery look, re to pale gray color
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Where is the inflammatory process confined to in interstitial pneumonia?
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alveolar walls and alveolar interstitium
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Acute interstitial pneumonia causes injury to what type of cell and what endeothelium?
|
type I pneumocytes and alveolar capillary endothelium
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What two phases are involved in acute interstitial pneumonia?
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exudative phase and proliferative phase
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In acute interstitial pneumonia, what is the exudative phase?
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exudation into alveolar lumen leading to edema and neutrophil accumulation
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In acute interstitial pneumonia, what is the proliferative phase?
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hyperplasia of pneumocytes II causing alveolar cells to thicken
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What type of cells accumulate in the interstitium in chronic interstitial pneumonia?
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mononuclear inflammatory cells
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Chronic interstitial pneumonia results in what hyperplasia?
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hyperplasia of pneumocyte II cells and smooth muscule in airways or plumonary vaculature
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Chronic interstitial pneumonia results in formation of what kind of lesions?
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micro granulomas
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Does interstitial pneumonia involve the whole lung or part of the lung?
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Whole lung, usually more pronounced dorso-caudally
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What is the usual sequelae of mild acute interstitial pneumonia?
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quick recovery, rarely fatal
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What is the usual sequelae of severe acute interstitial pneumonia?
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development of fatal pulmonary edema and death
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What species, in interstitial pneumonia, is predisposed to a sequelae of death due to pulmonary edema?
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cattle
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What type of healing occurs in interstitial pneumonia and what does this usually cause grossly?
|
fibrosis leading to thickening of alveolar wall and epithelization of the alveoli
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In interstitial pneumonia, when the lung is fibrosis healed, what is its gross appearance?
|
looks like a gland
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What are three viruses that cause bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
|
respiratory syncytial virus, canine distemper, and influenza
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What species are affected by respiratory syncytial virus causing bronchointerstitial pneumonia?
|
cattle and sheep
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What species is affected by influenza causing bronchointersitial pneumonia?
|
pigs and horses
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What are the four sources of septic emboli leading to embolic pneumonia?
|
1. rupture of hepatic abscess
2. infected jugular catheter 3. valvular endocarditis 4. localized infections |
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What species is predisposed to getting embolic pneumonia because of ruptured hepatic abscesses?
|
cattle
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What are the two causes of abscesses of the lungs?
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bronchopneumonia and metastatic from septic emboli arrested in pulmonary vessels
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What do bronchopneumonia abscesses of the lungs located in the lungs?
|
anterioventral part of lung extending from bronchial tree
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How do bronchopneumonia abscesses of the lungs appear grossly?
|
large and isolated
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How do septic emboli abscesses of the lungs appear grossly?
|
small and multiple
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Where do you find septic emboli abscess of the lungs?
|
distributed throughout whole lung spreading from blood vessels
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What two species of bacteria cause granulomatous pneumonia?
|
mycobacterium spp and rhodococcus equi
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What three fungi cause granulomatous pneumonia?
|
coccidodes immitis, blastomyces dermatidis, histoplasma capsulatum
|
|
|
What are the four types of pathogens that cause infectious granulomatous pneumonia?
|
bacteria, fungi, parasites, virus
|
|
|
What is one virus that causes infectious granulomatous pneumonia?
|
FIP
|
|
|
What causes non-infectious granulomatous pneumonia?
|
inert substances
|
|
|
What is the gross texture of a granulomatous pneumonia lesion?
|
soft, creamy and yellowish to caseous gray
|
|
|
How does the encapsulation of a granulomatous pneumonia lesion appear?
|
hard, gritty and white-gray
|
|
|
What three diseases are part of bovine respiratory disease?
|
enzootic pneumonia of calves, pneumonic pasteurellosis, respiratory viral infections
|
|
|
What is another name for enzootic pneumonia of calves?
|
calf pneumonia
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is enzootic pneumonia of calves once contaminated by bacteria?
|
suppurative bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What are the causitive agents of enzootic penumonia of calves
|
first viral then bacterial contamination
|
|
|
What are four bacterial agents that contaminates enzootic pneumonia of calves?
|
pasteurella, H. somnus, actinomyces pyogenes, mycoplasma
|
|
|
What is the mortality and morbidity of enzootic pneumonia of calves?
|
high morbidity, low mortality
|
|
|
What is the cause of shipping fever in cattle?
|
mannheimia hemolytica serotype 1
|
|
|
What are 5 factors that predispose cattle to shipping fever?
|
weaning, transport, crowding, starvation, and viral infections
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is shipping fever?
|
acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What are two other names for shipping fever?
|
transit fever and pneumonic pasteurellosis
|
|
|
What is another name for bovine pasteurellosis?
|
hemorrhagic septicemia
|
|
|
What causes bovine pasteurellosis?
|
P. multocida serotype B and E
|
|
|
What lesions occur in bovine pasteurellosis?
|
acute septicemia, hemorrhages, and pneumonia
|
|
|
Where is bovine pasteurellosis not found?
|
North America
|
|
|
What is another name for respiratory hemophilosis?
|
histophilosis
|
|
|
What species does respiratory hemophilosis occur in?
|
cattle
|
|
|
What causes respiratory hemophilosis?
|
mixed infection of H. somnus, M. hemolytica, and mycoplasma
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is caused in respiratory hemophilosis?
|
suppurative or firbinous bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What respiratory disease in cattle is part of the hemophilus disease complex?
|
respiratory hemophilosis
|
|
|
What are the six clinical signs of the hemophilus disease complex?
|
TME, septicemia, nervous, arthritis, eye, abortion
|
|
|
What causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia?
|
mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides
|
|
|
What kind of pneumonia does contagious bovine pleuropneumonia cause?
|
necrotizing bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What three pathogens cause tuberculosis in cattle?
|
M. bovis, M. tuberculosis, M. avium-intercellulare
|
|
|
What four clinical signs will you see in tuberculosis in cattle?
|
emaciation, moist cough, dyspnea (enlarged bronchial lymph node) and bloat (enlarged mediastinal lymph node)
|
|
|
What two lymph nodes will be enlarged in cattle tuberculosis and what clinical signs do they cause?
|
bronchial lymph node: causes dyspnea and mediastinal lymph node: causes bloat
|
|
|
What gross lesions are found in tuberculosis in cattle?
|
small caseated granulomas and lg areas of caseation
|
|
|
What is pearls disease?
|
nodules forming clusters on pleura and peritoneum
|
|
|
What disease has "pearls disease" as a gross lesion and what species does it occur in?
|
tuberculosis in cattle
|
|
|
What is ABPE?
|
acute bovine pulmonary edema
|
|
|
What is another name for ABPE?
|
fog fever
|
|
|
What causes ABPE?
|
forage change to lush green grasses, high in L-tryptophane
|
|
|
When do clinical signs start in ABPE?
|
Onset of signs is 10-14 days after moving to lush pasture
|
|
|
In ABPE, what does violent respiratory attempts cause?
|
Causes a rupture of alveoli and traps the air leading to emphysema in subQ tissue along back
|
|
|
What kind of breathing is seen in association with ABPE?
|
dyspnea with oral breathing
|
|
|
What kind of pneumonia does ABPE cause?
|
diffuse interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What are four differentials for ABPE that cause similar lesions?
|
moldy sweet potatoes, purple mint, rapeseed and kale
|
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of ABPE?
|
L-tryptophane is converted to 3-methylindol in rumen and absorbed in the blood creating a highly pneumotoxic product by Clara cells. This toxin effects type I pneumocytes, bronchial and endothelial cells causing lessons in interstitial pneumonia and edema.
|
|
|
What species is affected by hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
|
Cattle
|
|
|
What is another name for hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle?
|
extrinsic allergic alveolitis
|
|
|
What are two causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle?
|
moldy hay and parasitic infection with lung worms
|
|
|
What type of hypersensitivity to moldy hay causes hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle?
|
type III
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is hypersensitivity pneumonitis in cattle?
|
interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What causes parasitic pneumonia in cattle?
|
dictyocaulus viviparous
|
|
|
Where does D. viviparous live in cattle?
|
intrapulmonary bronchi of caudal lobes of lung
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does parasitic pneumonia in cattle cause?
|
interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What is another name for porcine enzootic pneumonia?
|
mycoplasma pneumonia of swine
|
|
|
What causes porcine enzootic pneumonia?
|
mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
|
|
|
What type of pigs is usually chronically infected with porcine enzootic pneumonia in a herd?
|
growing pigs
|
|
|
What clinical signs will you see in chronically infected growing pigs with porcine enzootic pneumonia?
|
reduced weight gain and coughing
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does porcine enzootic pneumonia cause?
|
bronchointerstitial pneumonia; if contaminated with bacteria it becomes suppurative pneumonia
|
|
|
Besides pneumonia, what is another lesion that is caused by porcine enzootic pneumonia?
|
mild fibrinous pleuritis
|
|
|
What is the most economically important disease of pigs worldwide?
|
porcine enzootic pneumonia
|
|
|
What is the sequelae of porcine enzootic pneumonia? (2)
|
abscesses and pleural adhesions
|
|
|
What causes porcine pasteurellosis?
|
P. Multicida
|
|
|
In what two ways does P. multicida cause porcine pasteurellosis?
|
1. secondary invader in porcine enzootic pneumonia
2. causes fulminating fibrinous bronchopneumonia |
|
|
What type of pneumonia is caused by porcine pasteurellosis?
|
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
Besides fibrinous bronchopneumonia, what other types of gross lesions does porcine pasteurellosis cause? (4)
|
pharygnitis, cervical edema, fibrinohemorrhagic polyarthritis and nephritis
|
|
|
Even though porcine pasteurellosis causes fibrinous bronchopneumonia, what kind of lesions does it cause?
|
suppurative
|
|
|
What bacterium causes no role in respiratory distress in swine but can cause abortion?
|
M. hemolytica (plays a role in bovine respiratory distress)
|
|
|
What causes porcine pleuropneumonia?
|
actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs for a peracute infection of porcine pleuropneumonia?
|
sudden death with blood stained froth from nostrils and mouth
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs for acute porcine pleuropneumonia? (4)
|
fever, dyspnea, coughing and anorexia
|
|
|
What are the two clinical signs for chronic porcine pleuropneumonia?
|
coughing and weight loss
|
|
|
What gross lesions are associated with peracute and acute porcine pleuropneumonia?
|
fibrinous pneumonia on dorsal surface of caudal lobes (pathognomonic lesion)
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does peracute and acute pleuropneumonia cause?
|
fibrinous pneumonia
|
|
|
Where is the fibrinous pneumonia in peracute and acute porcine pleuropneumonia on a lung?
|
dorsal surface of caudal lobes
|
|
|
What gross lesion is found in chronic porcine pleuropneumonia?
|
sequestra formation
|
|
|
What causes hemophilus pneumonia in swine?
|
haemophilus parasuis
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does hemophilus pneumonia in swine cause?
|
suppurative bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
Besides hemophilus pneumonia, what other disease does haemophilus parasuis cause?
|
glasser's disease
|
|
|
What are two clinical signs of glasser's disease in swine?
|
polyseritis and polyarthritis
|
|
|
What causes streptococcal pneumonia in pigs?
|
streptococcus suis type II
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does streptococcal pneumonia in swine cause?
|
suppurative pneumonia
|
|
|
If contaminated with A. pyogenes, what type of pneumonia does streptococcal pneumonia in swine cause?
|
fibrinous pneumonia
|
|
|
Is strepetococcal pneumonia in swine exotic, zoonotic or reportable?
|
only zoonotic; present in N. America and is of an increasing concern
|
|
|
What three clinical signs are seen in humans infected with streptococcal pneumonia?
|
meningitis, deafness and death
|
|
|
Where are gross lesions seen in swine with tuberculosis?
|
lungs, liver, spleen
|
|
|
What kind of gross lesions are seen with tuberculosis in swine?
|
multifocal
|
|
|
Is tuberculosis in swine of high or low incidence?
|
HIGH
|
|
|
What three clinical signs are seen in swine influenza?
|
painful cough, fever, respiratory distress
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does swine influenza cause?
|
bronchointerstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What does PRRS stand for?
|
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
|
|
|
What clinical signs are seen in sows with PRRS?
|
stillborns and abortions
|
|
|
What three clinical signs are seen in piglets with PRRS?
|
anorexia, dyspnea and cough
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does early stage PRRS cause?
|
interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
Where is PRRS a "mystery disease?"
|
Europe and North America
|
|
|
A secondary infection with what is common in PRRS?
|
pneumocystis
|
|
|
What three parasites cause parasitic pneumonia in pigs?
|
metastronglus apri, salmi and pudendotectus
|
|
|
Where do metastronglus species of parasites live in a swine?
|
bronchi/bronchioles
|
|
|
What do the lungs grossly look like in parasitic pneumonia in pigs?
|
lymphoid hyperplasia with gray nodeus on ventral surface
|
|
|
What kind of bronchitis is caused in parasitic pneumonia in pigs?
|
catarrhal bronchitis
|
|
|
What causes pasteurellosis in sheep?
|
Mannheimia hemolytica
|
|
|
What are the four forms of pasteurellosis in sheep?
|
1. ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis
2. chronic enzootic pneumonia 3. septicemic pasteurellosis 4. mastitis |
|
|
What causes ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis?
|
M. hemolytica biotype A
|
|
|
What kind of pneumonia does ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis cause?
|
fibrinous bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What is the most common and most economically significant pasteurellosis in sheep?
|
ovine pneumonic pasteurellosis
|
|
|
What causes chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep? (6)
|
M. hemolytica, P. multicida, adenovirus, PI3, chlamydia, mycoplasma
|
|
|
What age is affected by chronic enzootic pneumonia in sheep?
|
young sheep:<1year
|
|
|
What are the two lesions found with chronic enzootic pneumonia?
|
peribronchial lymphoid hyperplasia and alveolar fibrosis
|
|
|
How severe is the pneumonia caused by chronic enzootic pneumonia?
|
mild to moderate
|
|
|
What causes septicemic pasteurellosis in lambs <2 months old?
|
M. hemolytica biotype A
|
|
|
What causes septicemic pasteurellosis in lambs >5 months old?
|
P. trehalosi
|
|
|
What are the signs of septicemic pasteurellosis? (3)
|
necrotizing pharyngitis, edema of the lungs, and infarcts in other organs by DIC
|
|
|
What species does contagious caprine pleuropneumonia occur in?
|
Goats
|
|
|
What two bacteria cause contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats?
|
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides
mycoplsma mycoides subsp capri |
|
|
What six signs/lesions does contagious caprine pleuropneumonia cause?
|
pneumonia, fibrinous polyarthritis, meningitis, mastitis, peritonitis, abortion
|
|
|
What bacteria causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in africa, asia and the middle east?
|
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is associated with caprine pleuropneumonia in africa, asia and the middle east?
|
fibrinous pleuropneumonia
|
|
|
What are two other names ovine progressive pneumonia in sheep?
|
maedi-visna and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What type of virus causes maedi in sheep?
|
lentivirus
|
|
|
What is the transmission of maedi in sheep?
|
colostrum
|
|
|
When do clinical signs start to appear due to maedi in sheep?
|
after 2 years old
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs of maedi in sheep?
|
respiratory distress and weight loss leading to death
|
|
|
Where are the lesions of maedi in sheep confined to?
|
lungs and associated lymph nodes
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is caused by maedi in sheep?
|
severe interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What is the gross appearance of the lungs in maedi in sheep?
|
heavy lungs (4-5 times normal), rubbery, do not collapse on open thorax
|
|
|
What color do the lungs appear to be when infected with maedi in sheep?
|
grayish yellow to grayish blue
|
|
|
What tissue is hyperplastic in maedi in sheep?
|
lymphoid tissue in lung and B cell in lymph nodes
|
|
|
What type of hyperplasia is absent in maedi in sheep?
|
alveolar hyperplasia
|
|
|
Besides pulmonary lesions, what other four lesions/clinical signs are associated with maedi-visna in sheep?
|
encephalitis, arthritis, lymphofollicular mastitis and vasculitis
|
|
|
What species does caprine arthritis encephalitis occur in?
|
goats
|
|
|
What causes caprine arthritis encephalitis?
|
retrovirus related to maedi-visna
|
|
|
How is caprine arthritis encephalitis transmitted?
|
through colostrum
|
|
|
What is the clinical sign of caprine arthritis encephalitis in young goats?
|
non-suppurative encephalitis
|
|
|
What are the two clinical signs of caprine arthritis encephalitis in adults?
|
arthritis and synovitis
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does caprine arthritis encephalitis cause?
|
chronic interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What are three parasites that cause parasitic pneumonia in sheep and goats?
|
dictyocaulus filaria, muellerius capillaries, protostrongylus rufescens
|
|
|
Which parasite in parasitic pneumonia in sheep and goats causes no apparent clinical signs?
|
muellerius capillaries
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does protostrongylus refescens infections associated with parasitic pneumonia in sheep and goats cause?
|
lobular pneumonia (can also be subclinical)
|
|
|
What type of gross lesions does muellerius capillaries in parasitic pneumonia in sheep and goats cause?
|
soft hemorrhagic nodules that can get hard and gritty in later stages. Nodules on dorsal aspect of caudal lobe by a granulomatous reaction with neutrophils
|
|
|
What causes rhodococcosis?
|
R. equi
|
|
|
What is the clinical sign associated with acute rhodococcosis?
|
death by bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What kind of pneumonia is associated with acute rhodococcosis?
|
bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What are the clinical signs associated with chronic rhodococcosis?
|
COUGH, WEIGHT LOSS, arthritis, subQ abscesses and diarrhea
|
|
|
What gross lesions are associated with rhodococcosis?
|
pyogranulomatous pneumonia, abscesses in lymph nodes, and ulcerative enterocolitis
|
|
|
What is an important cause of mortality in foals worldwide?
|
rhodococcosis
|
|
|
What is the pneumonia associated with rhodococcosis?
|
pyogranulomatous pneumonia
|
|
|
What does R. equi cause in cattle?
|
cervical lymphadenitis
|
|
|
What does R. equi cause in humans?
|
pneumonia in immunocompromised humans
|
|
|
Is rhodococcosis zoonotic?
|
yes
|
|
|
What kind of pneumonia does equine influenza cause?
|
bronchointerstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What kind of pneumonia does chlamydial infection cause?
|
mild interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
Where are most gross lesions seen in a horse with tuberculosis?
|
intestine and associated lymph nodes
|
|
|
What is the cause of diffuse proliferative interstitial pneumonia in horses?
|
Not clear
|
|
|
What gross lesions do you see with diffuse proliferative interstitial pneumonia in horses?
|
pulmonary edema and emphysema
|
|
|
What causes pathogenic parasitic infections of the lungs in horses?
|
parascaris equorum (D.arnfieldi is NOT pathogenic)
|
|
|
What does migrating larval stages of P. equorum in horses cause?
|
granulomas in the lungs
|
|
|
What causes canine distemper?
|
morbilivirus
|
|
|
What is the transmission for canine distemper?
|
upper respiratory tract and conjunctiva
|
|
|
Initially, what is the pneumonia caused by canine distemper?
|
diffuse interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
Secondary infection with what two bacteria cause life threatening suppurative bronchopneumonia in canine distemper?
|
B. bronchiseptica and mycoplasma
|
|
|
Secondary infection with B. bronchiseptica and mycoplasma in canine distemper causes what type of pneumonia?
|
life threatening suppurative bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
Microscopically, what are the lesions of canine distemper?
|
eosinophilic inclusions
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is associated with canine adenovirus type 2?
|
bronchointerstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What is a microscopic lesion of canine adenovirus type 2?
|
large basophilic intranuclear inclusions in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells
|
|
|
Where are large basophilic intranuclear inclusions found in canine adenovirus type 2?
|
bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells
|
|
|
What are the two types of transmission associated with canine herpesvirus 1?
|
placenta and body fluids
|
|
|
What causes fading puppy syndrome?
|
canine herpes virus 1
|
|
|
What does canine herpes virus 1 cause in bitches?
|
abortion and stillborns
|
|
|
What does canine herpes virus 1 cause in older dogs?
|
bronchopneumonia with bacterial contamination
|
|
|
Besides bronchopneumonia, what is another gross lesion caused by canine herpes virus 1?
|
necrotizing rhinotracheitis
|
|
|
What is another name for canine influenza?
|
canine flu
|
|
|
What causes canine influenza?
|
influenza A virus: mutated strain of equine influenza virus H3N8
|
|
|
What is the main clinical sign of canine influenza?
|
coughing
|
|
|
Where can there be hemorrhages in canine influenza?
|
pulmonary and pleural
|
|
|
Is canine influenza severe?
|
No, its mild and transient
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is canine influenza susceptible to?
|
bacterial bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
What are five causes of bacterial pneumonia in dogs?
|
P. multocida, Streptococcus sp, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, B. bronchoseptica
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does bacterial pneumonia in dogs cause?
|
suppurative bronchopneumonia
|
|
|
In what circumstances do dogs get bacterial pneumonia?
|
only when pulmonary defense is impaired
|
|
|
What causes fatal hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia with hemorrhages on pleura?
|
stretococcus zooepidemicus
|
|
|
What three pathogens cause tuberculosis in dogs?
|
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avium
|
|
|
Where are the six locations of dissemination in tuberculosis in dogs?
|
lungs, liver, kidneys, intestine, pleura and peritonium
|
|
|
What is the gross lesion of tuberculosis in dogs?
|
gray appearance with non-calcified necrotic center
|
|
|
How common is tuberculosis in dogs?
|
uncommon: usually only in immunocompromised dogs or dogs living with infected person
|
|
|
What causes mycotic pneumonia?
|
opportunistic fungi or systemic fungi
|
|
|
What are the three types of mycotic pneumonia in dogs?
|
blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, and histoplasmosis
|
|
|
What causes blastomycosis?
|
B. dermatitidis
|
|
|
What are the gross lesions in the lungs in blastomycosis in dogs?
|
multifocal pyogranulomas
|
|
|
What age is usually affected by blastomycosis in dogs?
|
young dogs
|
|
|
What other five tissues can be affected, besides lungs, in blastomycosis in dogs?
|
lymph nodes, liver, spleen, kidney and skin
|
|
|
In which states is blastomycosis and coccidioidomycosis prevelant?
|
Ohio-Mississippi river valley states
|
|
|
What is another name for coccidioidomycosis in dogs?
|
San Joaquin Valley Fever
|
|
|
What are the three tissues that gross lesions are found in coccidioidomycosis in dogs?
|
lungs, skin, lymph nodes
|
|
|
What are the gross lesions in the lungs in dog coccidioidomycosis?
|
pyogranulomas
|
|
|
What causes histoplasmosis in dogs?
|
histoplasma capsulatum
|
|
|
What are the gross lesions of the lungs is histoplasmosis in dogs?
|
variable sized firm granulomas, can occasionally be diffuse
|
|
|
Where does San Joaquin Valley Fever occur geographically?
|
Western USA, central and south america
|
|
|
What are two types of toxic pneumonias in dogs?
|
paraquat and uremic
|
|
|
What is paraquat?
|
an herbicide
|
|
|
How is paraquat transmitted to cause toxic pneumonia in dogs?
|
ingestion or inhalation
|
|
|
In what cell does necrosis occur because of paraquat toxic pneumonia and what does this cause?
|
necrosis to alveolar type I cells causing injury to blood air barrier through release of free radicals
|
|
|
In paraquat toxic pneumonia in dogs, what type of pneumonia will you see?
|
acute interstitial pneumonia with edema and hemorrhage
|
|
|
What type of lesions will you see with chronic uremia in dogs?
|
non-renal!
|
|
|
How do the lungs grossly appear in uremic pneumonopathy in dogs?
|
pulmonary edema, calcification of smooth muscle and alveolar walls of the lung giving it a gritty texture, lungs do not collapse on open thorax
|
|
|
What type of lung texture does uermic pneumonopathy in dogs have?
|
gritty
|
|
|
What three clinical signs does dirofilaria immitis and angiostrongylus vasorum cause in dogs and cats?
|
chronic arthritis, pulmonary hypertension, congestive heart failure
|
|
|
What is parasitized in dogs and cats infected with dirofilaria immitis and angiostrongylus vasorum?
|
right ventricle and pulmonary vessels
|
|
|
What is paragonimus kellikoti?
|
a fluke
|
|
|
What species does paragonimus kellikoti infect?
|
dogs and cats
|
|
|
What does migration of cerceriae in dogs and cats infected with paragonimus kellikoti cause?
|
pleural hemorrhages
|
|
|
What type of granulomas are found on the pleural surface of dogs and cats infected with paragonimus kellikoti?
|
eosinophilic granulomas
|
|
|
What does an adult paragonimus kellikoti cause in infected dogs and cats?
|
cysts on pleura
|
|
|
What is filaroides hirthi?
|
roundworm
|
|
|
What species does filaroides hirthi infect?
|
dogs and cats
|
|
|
What tissue does filaroides hirthi infect in dogs and cats?
|
alveoli and bronchioles
|
|
|
What do dead filaroides hirthi cause in dogs and cats?
|
granulomatous nodules on subpleural region
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia is caused by toxoplasma gondii in dogs and cats?
|
necrotizing interstitial pneumonia
|
|
|
What species are infected with toxoplasma gondii?
|
dogs and cats
|
|
|
What causes feline pneumonitis?
|
chlamydia psittacii felis
|
|
|
What type of pneumonia does feline pneumonitis cause?
|
mild interstitial pneumonia
|
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What causes bacterial pneumonia in cats?
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P. multocida
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What type of pneumonia is caused by bacterial pneumonia in cats?
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bronchopneumonia
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Besides bronchopneumonia, what is another gross lesion caused by bacterial pneumonia in cats?
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pyothorax
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What tissues are affected by TB in cats?
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intestines, skin and lungs
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What is a differential to TB in cats?
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lymphosarcoma
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What causes mycotic pneumonia in cats?
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cryptococcosis neofromans
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What predisposes cats to mycotic pneumonia?
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STRESS
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What four tissues do granulomatous lesions occur in mycotic pneumonia in cats?
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nasal cavity, sinuses, brain and skin
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What gross lesion is observed in the lungs of a cat infected with mycotic pneumonia?
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multiple granulomas
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What are the two causes of lipid pneumonia in cats?
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1. lipid given orally than aspirated accidentally
2. endogenous lipid to lungs, unknown process |
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What is the gross lesion in lipid pneumonia in cats?
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multiple white firm nodules made of foamy macrophages
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Lipid pneumonia in cats, dogs and humans occur in the vicinity of what type of lung lesion?
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cancerous
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What is the feline lung worm?
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aelurostrongylus abstrusus
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Where do adult feline lung worms reside and what does this cause?
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adults are in the bronchi and they cause catarrhal inflammation
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What is the sequelae of a feline lung worm?
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pyothorax
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What species is affected by capillaria aerophilia?
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cats
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What two clinical signs/lesions are observed with capillaria aerophilia infections in cats?
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chronic tracheitis and bronchitis
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How can dirofilaria immitus cause lung problems?
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heartworm extends to lungs
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What species are most commonly affected by fetal pneumonia?
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foals and food animals
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What are the three causes of fetal pneumonia?
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1. contaminated meconium
2. organisms reaching lungs through amniotic fluid 3. organisms reaching lungs through blood |
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What are four organisms that cause fetal pneumonia that reach lungs through amniotic fluid?
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B. abortus, A. pyogenes, fungi and ureaplasma
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What are four organisms that cause fetal pneumonia that reach the lungs through blood?
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listeria, salmonella, chlamydia, viruses
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What are two viruses that cause fetal pneumonia that reach the lungs through blood and what species are they associated with?
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PI-3 in cattle and EVR in horses
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How does contaminated meconium cause fetal pneumonia?
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intrauterine hypoxia and acidosis causes release of meconium into amniotic fluid causing pneumonia
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What two intrauterine conditions cause release of contaminated meconium leading to fetal pneumonia?
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hypoxia and acidosis
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What do the gross nodules caused by the feline lung worm larvae look like?
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~1cm, multifocal and subpleural
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How does contaminated meconium appear in association with fetal pneumonia?
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light yellow stain because of bile content
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What kind of fetal pneumonia does contaminated meconium cause?
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diffuse bronchopneumonia
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What kind of fetal pneumonia does organisms reaching the lungs from the amniotic fluid cause?
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suppurative bronchopneumonia
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What kind of fetal pneumonia does organisms reaching the lungs through blood cause?
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interstitial pneumonia
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How can listeriosis and chlamydiosis be differentiated in fetal pneumonia?
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listeriosis causes additional lesions in brain and liver while chlamydiosis causes additional lesions in the spleen and liver
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Where do primary tumors originate from in dogs and cats?
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epithelium: either bronchiolar or bronchioalveolar
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Are primary tumors benign or malignant?
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they can be either
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If a primary tumor is malignant, what six sites does it metastasis to?
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lymph nodes, kidneys, liver, brain, heart and bones
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Are primary tumors common in domestic animals?
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NO
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Secondary tumors in animals may not be seen until extensive causing what four clinical signs to appear?
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cough, weight loss, anorexia and lethargy
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Do secondary tumors metastasis?
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YES!
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Do secondary tumors have single or multiple foci?
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multiple
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Are secondary tumors common?
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Yes compared to primary tumors
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What three paraneoplastic syndromes in dogs may accompany secondary tumors?
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hypercalcemia, endocrinopathies and osteoarthropathies
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What three secondary tumors are common with dogs?
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mammary, lymphoma, melanoma
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What three secondary tumors are common with cats?
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mammary, thyroid, VAFS
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What type of secondary tumor is common in cattle?
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uterine adenocarcinoma
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What four types of secondary tumors are common in horse?
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melanoma, adenocarcinomas, lymphosarcoma, SCC
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What three secondary tumors will you definitely see metastasis?
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hemangiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, osteosarcoma
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What is another name for pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep?
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Jaagseiekte pulmonary carcinomatosis
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What is the cause of pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep?
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Type B and D retrovirus
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What is the transmission of pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep?
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respiratory
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Is pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep slow or fast developing?
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slow
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What age group usually shows clinical signs of pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep?
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adult sheep
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What are the two early clinical signs of pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep?
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cough and exercise intolerance
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What is discharged from the nostrils of a sheep infected with pulmonary adenomatosis when head is lowered and why?
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serous thin fluid discharge; produced by neoplastic cells
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What gross nodules are produced in pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep?
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small 1mm-1cm soft, gray nodules projecting from lung surface
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Are the nodules in pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep unilateral or bilateral on the lungs?
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bilateral: both lungs affected
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What are the main two metastatic sites of pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep?
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bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes
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What other tissues besides lymph nodes does pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep metastasize to?
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muscles, pleura, liver, kidneys
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What countries does pulmonary adenomatosis in sheep NOT occur?
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Australia and New Zealand; otherwise its worldwide
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What species does pleural calcification occur in?
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Dogs
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What causes pleural calcification in dogs?
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chronic uremia and vitamin D toxicity
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What gross lesions appear in pleural calcification in dogs?
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linear white streaks in parietal pleura; mainly over intercostal muscles
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What is pneumothorax?
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air in the pleural cavity
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What causes pneumothorax?
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trauma
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What are three general causes of hydrothorax?
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generalized edema, widespread neoplasia of pleura leading to impaired lymphatic damage and systemic disease
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What is a systemic disease of sheep that cause hydrothorax?
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black disease
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What is a systemic disease of pigs that cause hydrothorax?
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mulberry heart
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What is a systemic disease of horses that cause hydrothorax?
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African Horse Sickness
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What type of poisoning can effect all animals and cause hydrothorax?
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ANTU poisoning causing altered permeability of blood vessels
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What poison causes altered permeability of blood vessels causing hydrothorax?
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ANTU
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What type of fluid is associated with hydrothorax?
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non-inflammatory, clear-light yellow color, watery, odorless
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Is there coagulation in hydrothorax fluid?
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NO
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What causes chylothorax? (3)
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rupture of thoracic or right lymphatic ducts due to trauma, surgery or idiopathic
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What type of fluid is associated with chylothorax?
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milky fluid, rich in lymph triglyceridae
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What causes hemothorax? (4)
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rupture of blood vessels by trauma, malignancy, inflammation or aneurism
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What gross lesions will you see with hemothorax?
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atelectatic lungs
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What are two causes of pleuritis?
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infection directly extended from lungs or trauma through thoracic wall or diaphragm
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What is grossly seen in association to the serous membrane in pleuritis?
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serous membrane become fibinous or purulent leading to pyothorax or thoracic emphysema
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What are two sequelae to pleuritis?
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pyothorax and thoracic emphysema
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What is pleuritis usually secondary to?
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pneumonia
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What are three causes of pyogranulomatous inflammation?
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nocardia, actinomyces and FIP virus
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What species has congenital pleural mesotheliomas?
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cattle
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What is pleural mesothelioma associated with in humans? (2)
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smoking and asbestosis
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How does pleural mesothelioma appear grossly?
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multiple discrete nodules on pleural surface
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Do pleural mesotheliomas metastasis?
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rarely
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What are two differentials for pleural mesotheliomas?
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carcinoma or fibrosarcoma
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