Pathology Reproductive

Front 1

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: who gets BPH?

Back 1

common in men > 50 y/o

Front 2

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: what might cause it?

Back 2

may be due to age-related increase in estradiol with possible sensitization of the prostate to the growth promoting effects of DHT.

Front 3

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: findings

Back 3

nodular enlargement of the periurethral (lateral and middle) lobes of the prostate gland, compressing the urethra to a vertical slit.

Front 4

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: symptoms

Back 4

increased frequency of urination, nocturia, difficulty in starting and stopping the stream of urine, dysuria.

Front 5

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: complications

Back 5

may lead to distention and hypertrophy of the bladder, hydronephrosis, UTIs

Front 6

Benign prostatic hyperplasia: premalignant lesion?

Back 6

No

Front 7

Hydatidiform mole: What is it?

Back 7

pathologic ovum (empty egg - ovum with no DNA) resulting in a cystic swelling of chorionic villi and proliferation of chorionic epithelium (trophoblast).

Front 8

Hydatidiform mole: Most common precursor of what?

Back 8

choriocarcinoma

Front 9

Hydatidiform mole: what happens to B-hCG?

Back 9

elevated

Front 10

Hydatidiform mole: findings

Back 10

honeycombed uterus, cluster of grapes appearance

Front 11

Hydatidiform mole: genotype

Back 11

complete mole is 46,xx and is completely paternal in origin (no maternal chromosomes); no associated fetus. PARTial mole is made up of 3 or more PARTS (triploid or tetraploid)

Front 12

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): what is the triad?

Back 12

hypertension, proteinuria, edema

Front 13

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): what makes it eclampsia?

Back 13

addition of seizures to the triad

Front 14

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): what % of pregnant women?

Back 14

0.07

Front 15

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): when does it present?

Back 15

20 weeks gestation to 6 weeks postpartum

Front 16

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): what increases the likelihood?

Back 16

preexisting hypertension, diabetes, chronic renal disease, autoimmune disorders

Front 17

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): what is HELLP syndrome?

Back 17

Hemolysis, Elevated LFTs, Low Platelets

Front 18

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): Clinical features

Back 18

headache, blurred vision, abdominal pain, edema of face and extremeties, altered mentation, hyperreflexia

Front 19

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): Lab findings

Back 19

thrombocytopenia, hyperuricemia

Front 20

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): Treatment

Back 20

Delivery of fetus as soon as viable. Otherwise, bedrest, salt restriction, monitoring and treatment of hypertension

Front 21

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (preeclampsia-eclampsia): Treatment for eclampsia (a medical emergency)

Back 21

IV Magnesium sulfate, diazepam

Front 22

Abruptio placentae

Back 22

premature separation of the placenta. Painful uterine bleeding (usually 3rd trimester). Fetal death. May be associated with DIC

Front 23

Placenta accreta

Back 23

defective decidual layer allows placenta to attach directly to myometrium. Predisposed by prior C-section or inflamation. May have massive hemorrhage after delivery.

Front 24

Placenta previa

Back 24

attachment of the placenta to lower uterine segment. May occlude cervical os. Painless bleeding in any trimester.

Front 25

Ectopic pregnancy

Back 25

most often in fallopian tubes, predisposed by salpingitis (PID).

Front 26

Cervical Pathology: Dysplasia and carcinoma in situ

Back 26

Disordered epithelial growth; begins at basal layer and extends outward. Classified as CIN 1, CIN 2, or CIN 3 (carcinoma in situ), depending on extent of dysplasia. Associated with HPV. May progress to invasive carcinoma.

Front 27

Cervical Pathology: Invasive carcinoma

Back 27

Often squamous cell carcinoma. Pap smears can catch cervical dysplasia (koilocytes) before it progresses to invasive carcinoma.

Front 28

most common tumor in female (hint - has increased incidence in blacks)? Do they progress to malignancy?

Back 28

leiomyoma; no.

Front 29

endometriosis - most common site?

Back 29

ovary

Front 30

endometriosis in the myometrium = ?

Back 30

adenomyosis

Front 31

most common gyn malignancy? (hint - causes vaginal bleeding in a postmenopausal women)

Back 31

endometrial carcinoma

Front 32

Leiomyosarcoma: does it arise de novo or from leiomyoma?

Back 32

de novo

Front 33

PCOS (Stein-Leventhal syndrome): Major clinical manifestations include: amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, and ----?

Back 33

hirsutism

Front 34

the four types of ovarian cysts

Back 34

follicular, corpus luteum, theca-lutein, chocolate

Front 35

blood containing cyst from ovarian endometriosis

Back 35

chocolate cyst

Front 36

cyst that is associated with choriocarcinoma and moles

Back 36

theca-lutein cyst

Front 37

cyst defined by hemorrhage into persistent corpus luteum

Back 37

corpus luteum cyst

Front 38

cyst defined by distention of unruptured graafian follicle

Back 38

follicular cyst

Front 39

that which is analagous to male seminoma

Back 39

dysgerminoma

Front 40

produces alpha-fetoprotein

Back 40

yolk sac tumor

Front 41

associated with elevated hCG

Back 41

choriocarcinoma

Front 42

monodermal teratoma made up of only thyroid tissue

Back 42

struma ovarii

Front 43

most common germ cell tumor of ovary (90%)

Back 43

teratoma

Front 44

True or False: immature teratomas are benign

Back 44

False. Mature ("dermoid cyst") ones are benign, immature ones are aggressively malignant

Front 45

bilateral non germ cell tumor with fallopian tube like epithelium

Back 45

serous cystadenoma

Front 46

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (intraperitoneal accumulation of mucinous material) may be a consequence of which ovarian non germ cell tumor?

Back 46

mucinous cystadenocarcinoma

Front 47

tumor resembling bladder epithelium

Back 47

brenner tumor

Front 48

triad of ovarian fibroma, ascites, and hydrothorax = ?

Back 48

Meigs' syndrome

Front 49

Pathology term for the small follicles filled with eosinophilic secretions that are seen in granulosa cell tumors

Back 49

Call-Exner bodies

Front 50

Which one of the following does NOT put an individual at increased risk for breast disease? Gender, age, early 1st menarche, late 1st pregnancy, late menopause, family history, fibroadenoma/non-hyperplastic cysts

Back 50

fibroadenoma/hyperplastic cysts

Front 51

Eczematous patches on the nipple w/ corresponding large cell's with clear halo on histology are indicative of --?

Back 51

Paget's disease & most likely an underlying ductal carcinoma

Front 52

Fibrosis, cystic, sclerosing, & epithelial hyperplasia are all histologic subtypes of what breast disease?

Back 52

Fibrocystic disease (note: no increase risk of developing carcinoma)

Front 53

Most common breast tumor in women < 25 years of age? is it malignant or a precursor to malignancy?

Back 53

Fibroadenoma. No, no.

Front 54

A benign tumor of the breast that presents with nipple discharge

Back 54

Intraductal papilloma

Front 55

Are malignant breast tumors more common pre or post menopause

Back 55

post