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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Normal RPF
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1.2 L/min
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Normal GFR
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125 mL/min
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Average urine production
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1 mL/min but it varies with water consumption
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% of Na, Cl and H2O reabsorbed in the proximal Tubule
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65
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most of what is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
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HPO4, Ca, Mg,
glucose and AA |
PHAAG CaM 99%
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What is around 90% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
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K, urea, uric acid, HCO3
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UHK '90 university of HK
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Where is Mg balance regulated?
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loop of henle
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Where is Ca balance regulated
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distal tubule
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amount of NaCl reabsorbed in loop of henle?
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15-25%
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Action of aldosterone?
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Na reabsorbed in exchange for K+ to cause H2O water movement in;
in collecting tubule |
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Effect of alcohol on nephron?
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inhibits ADH mediated reabsorption of water in the collecting duct
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why is creatinine a good indicator of glomerular function?
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freely filtered, minimually secreted/absorbed, readily measured
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What is BUN affected by?
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1) dietary intake
2) tissue catabolism 3) upper GI bleeding 4) liver disease 5) hydration |
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Causes of pre-renal failure
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things that reduce amount of blood flow to kidney (shock, cardiac failure, burns)
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causes of renal failure
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glomerular or tubular failure
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causes of post-renal failure
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stones, prostate hyperplasia, cancers, obstructive diseases
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> 20 BUN/Creatinine ratio
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pre-renal disease
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10-20 BUN/Creatinine ratio
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normal
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<10 BUN/Creatinine ratio
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post-renal disease
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What is the bun/creatinine ratio dependent upon?
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the fact that BUN is reabsorbed in the tubules while creatinine is not.
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Why is creatinine clearance used?
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less invasive than inulin
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Limitations of using creatinine clearance for estimating GFR?
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10-15% secreted in tubules
inacurate when GFR falls to 30% of norm hard to collect urine for 24 hrs |
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units of clearance?
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mg/dL
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how to calculate clearance of "s"
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(urine vol x urine conc of s) / (plasma conc of s x 1440 min/day)
= amount per day? |
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What are the appearance parameters of urine?
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Color, clarity, odor, sediment
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rancid urine?
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tyrosine
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rotting fish urine?
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trimethylamine
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maple syrup smelling urine?
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branched-chain ketoaciduria
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cabbage smelling urine?
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methionine
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pH of normal urine?
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rage 4.6-8 but normally 6 (urine smells SIX)
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causes of acid urine?
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high protein diet, fruits
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causes of alkaline urine?
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diet high in citrus fruits and vegetables
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causes of pH outside normal urine range?
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tubular acidosis, metabolic/respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, exogenous substances
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How is protein in urine measured?
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pH shift method, contraindicatedin micro-albuminuria
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What sugars do dipsitck tests detect?
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glucose only
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Normal specific gravity for urine?
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10-16 - 10-22
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isothenuria
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1.010
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hyposthenuria
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1.007
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concentrated urine
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>1.010 specific gravity
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what is bilirubin sensitive to?
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light
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Indicator for bacterial infection?
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nitrite because of nitrate to nitrite conversion by bacteria
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Why must nitrites be measured first thing in the morning?
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4 hrs required for detectable levels
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nterococcus
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a bacteria that reduces nitrate to ammonia to produce a negative nitrite result
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what correlates with the number of WBCs in urine?
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leukocyte esterase because it measures enzyme released by neutrophils
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Ketones are present in what disease states?
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fever, diarrhea, toxic, diabetes
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use of boric acid in urine collection tubes is for what?
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sterility to retard growth of bacteria
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What is urine microscopically examined for?
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EBC, rBC, casts, crystals, epithelial cells
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