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47 Cards in this Set

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Normal RPF
1.2 L/min
Normal GFR
125 mL/min
Average urine production
1 mL/min but it varies with water consumption
% of Na, Cl and H2O reabsorbed in the proximal Tubule
65
most of what is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
HPO4, Ca, Mg,

glucose and AA
PHAAG CaM 99%
What is around 90% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule
K, urea, uric acid, HCO3
UHK '90 university of HK
Where is Mg balance regulated?
loop of henle
Where is Ca balance regulated
distal tubule
amount of NaCl reabsorbed in loop of henle?
15-25%
Action of aldosterone?
Na reabsorbed in exchange for K+ to cause H2O water movement in;
in collecting tubule
Effect of alcohol on nephron?
inhibits ADH mediated reabsorption of water in the collecting duct
why is creatinine a good indicator of glomerular function?
freely filtered, minimually secreted/absorbed, readily measured
What is BUN affected by?
1) dietary intake
2) tissue catabolism
3) upper GI bleeding
4) liver disease
5) hydration
Causes of pre-renal failure
things that reduce amount of blood flow to kidney (shock, cardiac failure, burns)
causes of renal failure
glomerular or tubular failure
causes of post-renal failure
stones, prostate hyperplasia, cancers, obstructive diseases
> 20 BUN/Creatinine ratio
pre-renal disease
10-20 BUN/Creatinine ratio
normal
<10 BUN/Creatinine ratio
post-renal disease
What is the bun/creatinine ratio dependent upon?
the fact that BUN is reabsorbed in the tubules while creatinine is not.
Why is creatinine clearance used?
less invasive than inulin
Limitations of using creatinine clearance for estimating GFR?
10-15% secreted in tubules

inacurate when GFR falls to 30% of norm

hard to collect urine for 24 hrs
units of clearance?
mg/dL
how to calculate clearance of "s"
(urine vol x urine conc of s) / (plasma conc of s x 1440 min/day)
= amount per day?
What are the appearance parameters of urine?
Color, clarity, odor, sediment
rancid urine?
tyrosine
rotting fish urine?
trimethylamine
maple syrup smelling urine?
branched-chain ketoaciduria
cabbage smelling urine?
methionine
pH of normal urine?
rage 4.6-8 but normally 6 (urine smells SIX)
causes of acid urine?
high protein diet, fruits
causes of alkaline urine?
diet high in citrus fruits and vegetables
causes of pH outside normal urine range?
tubular acidosis, metabolic/respiratory acidosis/alkalosis, exogenous substances
How is protein in urine measured?
pH shift method, contraindicatedin micro-albuminuria
What sugars do dipsitck tests detect?
glucose only
Normal specific gravity for urine?
10-16 - 10-22
isothenuria
1.010
hyposthenuria
1.007
concentrated urine
>1.010 specific gravity
what is bilirubin sensitive to?
light
Indicator for bacterial infection?
nitrite because of nitrate to nitrite conversion by bacteria
Why must nitrites be measured first thing in the morning?
4 hrs required for detectable levels
nterococcus
a bacteria that reduces nitrate to ammonia to produce a negative nitrite result
what correlates with the number of WBCs in urine?
leukocyte esterase because it measures enzyme released by neutrophils
Ketones are present in what disease states?
fever, diarrhea, toxic, diabetes
use of boric acid in urine collection tubes is for what?
sterility to retard growth of bacteria
What is urine microscopically examined for?
EBC, rBC, casts, crystals, epithelial cells