Pathology Quiz2

Front 1

what options do haematopoietic stem cells have?

Back 1

1. self-renewal
2. commence down one of the many pathways of maturation to eventually produce mature blood cells.

Front 2

what are morphological features of neutrophils?

Back 2

-multilobed nucleus
-pale clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm
-small (10-12 mu in diameter)

Front 3

which blood cell will arrive first at sites of injury? and where does it come from?

Back 3

Neutrophils
from blood vessels

Front 4

What is meant by chemotaxis?

Back 4

the directional locomotion of phagocytes toward an inflammatory stimulus

Front 5

What does chemotaxis require to induce motion of phagocytes?

Back 5

energy, Ca2+, and actin-myosin bridging of the cell cytoskeleton

Front 6

What can be chematoctic factors for neutrophils?

Back 6

1. complement fragments (C3a and C5a)
2. Bacterial and viral products especially small peptides (FMLP)
3. Immune complexes
4.Kallikein (血漿からキニンを遊離させる酵素）
5.Plasminogen activator
6.Platelet factor 4
7.Fibrin spli products
8.Collagen fragments
9.Oxidized membrane lipids
10.Leukotriene B4

Front 7

What kind of tests are available to examine chemataxin?

Back 7

Examine migration under agarose with and without chematoctic factors.
Boyden chambers test

Front 8

Why are nutrophils good little Kamikaze's in the body defense system?

Back 8

1. highly mobile
2. very active phagocyte
3. powerful microbiocidal machinery

Front 9

Descirbe steps of neutrophil migration

Back 9

1.margination in capillary beds(はしにくっつく)
2.emigration from vessels
3.chemotaxis
4.phagocytosis
5.intracellular activation
6.degradation of material within phagolysosomes

Front 10

What makes blood flow slowing during pavementing process?

Back 10

by a combination of vasodilation and fluid loss from leaky vessels as a consequence of the effects of chemical mediators of inflammation

Front 11

is pavemeting reversible or not?

Back 11

reversible

Front 12

what is the requirment of pavemeting?

Back 12

Ca2+

Front 13

what influences the pavementing process?

Back 13

inflammatory mediators

Front 14

what molecules plays a major role in the pavementing process for neutrophils?

Back 14

adhesion molecules such as the selectins play

Front 15

What does migration of cells during emigration cause?

Back 15

vascular leakage

Front 16

What does chemotactic stimuli result in?

Back 16

-binding at cell surface receptors
-production of oriented cell membrane depolarization
-activation of cell cytosolic contractile filaments

Front 17

What is a requirement for phagocytosis?

Back 17

energy

Front 18

Can neutrophils phagocyte in hypoxic environment?

Back 18

yes. neutrophils have pathways for anaerobic glycolysis

Front 19

Can neutrophils effectively kill bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and virus?

Back 19

yes except viruses

Front 20

What process can make phagocytosis more efficeint?

Back 20

opsonization by opsonins (antibody, complement C3b, lysozyme, certain peptides)

Front 21

What can phagocytosis by neutrophils lead to?

Back 21

1.metabolism of archidonic acid
→ chemoattractans production, vasolidation, increased vascular permeability, vasocontriction, platelal aggregation etc.
2. Respiratory burst and oxygen radical generation
3. Degranulation

Front 22

Aranchidonic acid is metabolized to a variety of lipid mediatros.
What are they? and What do they cause?

Back 22

1.Prostaglandidn E2(PGE2) & prostacyclin (PGI2) → vasodilation & increase in vasopermeability
2.HETE's and leukotrience B4 → chemoattractants
3. Thronboxanes → vasocontriction & platelel aggregation

Front 23

Why does steroid is a more effective anti-inflammatory agent than aspirin and indomethacin?

Back 23

Steroid inhibits phospholipase which is the very fist enzyme of arachidonic acid metabolism.
Aspirin & indomethacin inhibit cycloozygenase which catalyzes arachidonic acid → prostaglanding G2 reaction. Thus only formation of prostaglandin is inhibit, not formation of HPTE's.

Front 24

What does internalization of membrane-bound NADPH-oxidase into the phagosome lead to?

Back 24

-generation of superoxide ion O2-
→ metabolized into more toxic oxygen rerived free radicals (H2O2, hydrozyl radical)
if reacted with -myeloperocidase, produce hypohalide acids

Front 25

What factors are associated with the respiratory burst?

Back 25

1.rapid uptake of oxygen
2.utilization of glucose
3.production of oxygen-derived free radicals
4.chemilumenescence(化学反応において生ずる低温発光現象）

Front 26

What types of granules do neutrophils contain?

Back 26

1.Primary granules - myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, proteases, and hydrolytic enzymes
2.Secondary granules - aklaline phosphatase, lysozme, vitamin B12 binding protein, lactoferrin

Front 27

What is the name of disease which is a poorly understood defect prevents lysosomal transport and fusion.

Back 27

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Front 28

What is happening in animals with albino?

Back 28

-melanin transport is affected
-platelets an neutrophils are abnormal

Front 29

What may operate synergistically (相乗的) to promote tissue destruction and microbiocidal activities?

Back 29

Granule products and oxygen-derived free radicals

Front 30

List possible neutrophil-mediated tissue injuries.

Back 30

1.Lysosomal suicide
2.Frustrated phagocytosis
3.Regurgitation during feeding

Front 31

What is lysosomal suicide?

Back 31

Phagocytized material may be toxic to the neutrophil. Rupture of phagolysozome results in cell death leading release of toxic compounds such as active enzymes and oxygen radicals into tissues

Front 32

What is frustrated phagocytosis?

Back 32

Phagocytic stimulus such as immune comples precipitates, fungal organisms, and goreign bodies is too large or too toxic for neutrophils to internalize it after attempting phagocytosis

Front 33

What is meant by regurgitation during feeding?

Back 33

Lysosomal fusion with the phagosome occurs prior to cell membrane closure allowing escape of contents into tissues

Front 34

List 4 broad categories of cell adhesion olecules

Back 34

1.the selectins
2.the integrins
3.the cadherins
4,immunoglobulin receptor family

Front 35

Where and when are selectins expressed? to what do they bind?

Back 35

they are expressed on endothelial cells, platelets and leukocytes. They appear to be activated early in inflammatory processes

Front 36

What do selectins responsible for?

Back 36

for rolling phenomena and the initial steps of leukocyte margination in the inflammatory response

Front 37

What do genetic defects in selectins result in?

Back 37

lead to adhesion defects

Front 38

What are the rolls of integrins?

Back 38

-involved in cell/cell and cell/matrix interactions
-promote firm adhesion and escape from blood vessels
-imp in the regulation of leukocyte migration into tissues

Front 39

When do neutrophils express the integrins?

Back 39

after being exposed to chemotaxins

Front 40

What does deficiency in leukocyte integrins result in?

Back 40

in an inability to mount effective acute inflammatory responses

Front 41

What are the example of integrin deficiency disease?

Back 41

BLAD of Holsterins

Front 42

What do cadherins responsible for?

Back 42

for maintaining calcium-dependent cell/cell adhesion and normal embryogenesis and maintenance of surface contacts between cells in nerve, muscle and kidney tissues

Front 43

What can cadherin dysfunction result in?

Back 43

cell separation
immune-mediated skin disease
spread of malignancies (悪性腫瘍)

Front 44

What do some immunoglobulin superfamily molecules serve as?

Back 44

intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM's) allowing homing of lymphocytes to particular tissue sites

Front 45

List pahrmacolgic modulation of tissue injury

Back 45

1.Corticosteroid
2.Free radical scavengers(掃除屋)
- Aspirin, VitC etc
3.Granule enzyme inhibitors
4.Protease inhibitors
5.Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors
6.Novel pharmaceuticals and antibodies

Front 46

How do corticosteroids modulate tissue injury?

Back 46

-suppress membrane phospholipase
-reduction of free archidonic acid & its metabolites at sites of inflammation
-inhibition of neutrophil pavementing in capillaries

Front 47

How does aspirin modulate tissue injury?

Back 47

-As free radical scavengers, reduce toxic unwanted free radicals
-As cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, suppress its pathway, and lower the local production of prostaglandins and thronboxanes which cause vasoconstriction and plateles aggregation

Front 48

List chemotactic factors of macrophages

Back 48

1.Lymphokines such as macrophage activation factors → immobilize & activate monocytes
2.Ag-Ab complex
3.Complement
4.Bacterial peptide
5.Products from necrotic tissues
6.Neutrophil products

Front 49

List macrophage functions

Back 49

1.Antimicrobial phagocytes
2.Removal of effete(活力を失った)/diseased cells
3.Lipid metabolism
4.Immunologic reactions

Front 50

Macrophages phagocyte poorly deformable and diseased RBC.
What happen to protein, membranes, haemoglobin, and iron fron the ingested RBC?

Back 50

Protein & membranes are degrade by proteolysis.
Porphyrin(Hgから得られるピロール無鉄誘導体)is split off the iron-porphyrin portion of haemoglobin
iron is split off and bound to apoferritin(鉄と化合してフェリチンをつくる蛋白質)→taken up at sites of erythropoiesis

Front 51

Sometimes, brown granular pigment is found within macrophage. What is that? and why does it occur?

Back 51

Hemosiderin (細胞内の鉄を含む暗黄色色素)
when the level of apoferritin is inadequate, iron is sequestered withing macrophage without being taken up.

Front 52

How iron overload is prevented?

Back 52

By a mucosal block in iron uptake

Front 53

How can you confirm presence of iron in tissues?

Back 53

Stain the tissue by Perls prussian stain which stains iron in blue colour

Front 54

What makes macrophage cytoplasmic foamy appearance?

Back 54

ingested free lipids

Front 55

What are macrophages responsible for in immunologic reaction?

Back 55

presenting and processing of antigen to T-cells for the development of cell-mediaed and humoral immunity

Front 56

Why are macrophages important in the initiation of repair process?

Back 56

Since they are important source of metalloprotease, a group of zinc-dependent protease enzymes responsible for the remodelling of matrix and connective tissues following inflammatory events

Front 57

What are giant cells?

Back 57

Macrophage modifications (変化)

Front 58

List types of giant cells

Back 58

1.epithelioid cells
2.foreign body giant cells (multinucleate giant cells)
3.langhans giant cells (multinucleate)
4.touton giant cells (multinucleate)

Front 59

What are characteristic features of epithelioid cells?

Back 59

-have an epithelial appearance
-enlarged oval nuclei
-abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm(pinky)
-↓phagocytosis ↑microbiocidal capacity
-in systemic fungal and mycobacterial disease

Front 60

What are characteristic features of foreign body giant cells?

Back 60

-capable of ingesting large particles
-Randomly scattered nuclei throughout the cytoplasm
-engulf endogenous material such as bone, keratin, hair or exogenous material such as sutures(縫い糸)

Front 61

What are characteristic features of langhans giant cells?

Back 61

-usually seen with epithelioid cells
-common in fungal and mycobacterial infections
-distinctive appearance of up to 20nuclei placed peripherally in the cytoplasm
-abundant cytoplasm, tends to be pale eosinophilic unless many mycobacteria present when it becomes greyish

Front 62

What does greyish cytoplasm of langhans giant cells indicate?

Back 62

the presence of mycobacteria

Front 63

What are characteristic features of Touton giant cells?

Back 63

-often associated with fat break down
-have a ring of peripherally placed nuclei with foamy pale eosinophilic cytoplasm

Front 64

Why does cytoplasm of Touton giant cells have foamy appearance?

Back 64

due to fat breakdown

Front 65

List giant cells which are not macrophage derived

Back 65

1.Osteoclasts → remodel bone
2.Epithelial giant cells → induced by certain viral infection & may have viral inclusion
3.Tumor giant cells - common in alignant connective tissue tumours
4.Megakaryocytes - multinucleate bone marrow cells that produce paltelets

Front 66

What are eosinophils responsible for?

Back 66

-killing of parasites
-control of mast cell related events
-motile, phagocytic cells

Front 67

What are morphological features of eosinophils?

Back 67

-bilobed nucleus
-strongly eosinophilic (redish pink) cytoplasm due to the presence of eosinopil granules

Front 68

List eosinophil products

Back 68

1.Sevrete PGE's - anti-inflammatory
2.Eosinophil granule products:
-major basic protein
-Antiheparin activity
-Aryl surfatase B
-Histaminase
-Phospholipase D
plus substances in neutrophils

Front 69

What is a distinctive structure of eosinophil lysosomes?

Back 69

inner core of major basic protein and an outer matric of other enxymes

Front 70

List eosinophil chemotaxis

Back 70

1.ECF-A from mast cells
2.Ag-Ab complexes
3.other mast cell products such as histamine
4.neutrophil chemotactic factors

Front 71

When can eosinophilia (increase in eosinophilic) be seen?

Back 71

in helminth(ぜん虫) parasitism　& allergic condition

Front 72

When can eosinopaenia (decrease in eosinophilic) be seen?

Back 72

as a consequence of stress, corticosteroid administration

Front 73

What do mast cells have important role in?

Back 73

producing inflammatory mediateors which alter local blood flow and permeability to allow fluid leakage into tissues

Front 74

What is the characteristic of mast cell granules?

Back 74

-metachromatic using toluidine blue → with toluidine blue, true blue is altered to purple, magenta or red
-contain heparin, histamine, and serotonin
-pale grey on H&E stain → looks poorly granular cytoplasm

Front 75

What is description of basophil?

Back 75

small cell packed with dense basophilic granules of ten obscures(はっきりしない)nucleus

Front 76

What are mast cell products?

Back 76

1.preformed products stored in granules
-ECF-A: chemotactic for eosinophil
-Histamin & serotonin: causes ↑vascular permeability & dilation & hypersecretion
2.Synthesized from stimulated cells
-PAF:lipid mediator,platelet activation and wide spread proinflammatory effects
-Arachidonic acid metabolites: diverse groups of lipids such as prostanoid, thromboxianes

Front 77

How can mast cell reactions be regulated?

Back 77

by adrenergic and cholinergic influences
-adrenergic agonists:in the treatment of asthma and other allergies
-Corticosteroids:reduce archidnate availability
-Cromalin and nedocromil: stabilize mast cell membranes and used in preventative strategies

Front 78

What is the condition where there is cardiovascular collapse and systemic sings called? and why does it happen?

Back 78

Anaphylaxis (過敏症、急激なショック症状)
the degranulation of mast cells is so intense that mast cell proucts begin to circulate

Front 79

Explain about atopy

Back 79

-inherited disorder
-individual produce excessive IgE in response to antigens to which most individuals are tolerant
-cause wheals(蕁麻疹), blisters(水ぶくれ), skin inflammation as primary changes
-lead to chronic skin thickening and alopecia(脱毛) as secondary changes